Despite the novelty of the research, between 2009 and 2012 thousands of patients across the world underwent venoplasty for CCSVI, sharing their experiences on online social media platforms, including blogs, forums, Facebook and YouTube. This extensive use of Ipilimumab datasheet social media is frequently mentioned as a key feature of CCSVI patient activism [14] and [15], and has been criticized as ‘internet-based practice’ in lieu of ‘evidence-based science’ [16]. In spite of the frequent references to CCSVI-related internet use in academic journals and the media, there has been no in-depth study of how people who have had the ‘liberation’ procedure actually use internet

technologies and what makes this use so compelling. In this paper we analyze YouTube to explore: (1) how patients use video to share their

experiences and opinions of the ‘liberation’ procedure; (2) suggest how healthcare professionals and other relevant parties can respond to this. YouTube is a popular video sharing platform started in 2005. Originally designed to host user generated content, it is now a space where over 4 billion videos are shared on a daily basis by organizations, advertisers, and other broadcasters. A considerable number of health-related videos are available on YouTube, many are produced by charitable organizations, healthcare providers, universities, and commercial organizations; others by buy Saracatinib individuals affected by, or with a particular interest in, a given condition. A number of studies have been conducted on health-related YouTube videos: immunization [17], [18] and [19]; cancer [20] and [21]; smoking [22] and [23]; non-suicidal self-injury [24]; partial asphyxiation [25]; epilepsy [26]; cardiopulmonary resuscitation [27]; the H1N1

influenza pandemic [28]; kidney stone disease [29]; organ donation [30]; and multiple sclerosis [31]. The majority of this research is quantitative analyses of videos, user comments and, depending on research interest, demographic information such as number of views, dates uploaded, country of origin, etc. Moreover, they typically focus on assessing whether the videos are ‘useful’ or ‘misleading’ to the public Telomerase or whether a particular medical intervention or treatment is portrayed ‘positively’ or ‘negatively’. The conclusions drawn in this work varies and is often specific to the context being studied, but two key themes are of particular relevance here. The first is the prominence of videos focused on people’s experiences. The second is the advice given to healthcare professionals in relation to these videos. In almost all cases the authors suggest that healthcare practitioners need to be aware of these videos and be prepared to respond to patients’ questions about them; that they should engage more actively with this content and where necessary take appropriate measures to minimize the effect of harmful information.