The impact of conscientiousness

and self-efficacy were independent of each other and occurred across all three intervention groups. A significant interaction indicated that those with both high self-efficacy and high conscientiousness at baseline had the biggest improvement in physical activity by 12months. ConclusionsBoth broad personal traits and disease-specific expectations qualify the outcomes of efficacious interventions. These findings reinforce the need to change from a one-size-fits-all approach to diabetes interventions to an approach that crafts clinical interventions in ways that fit the personal traits and skills of individual people. What’s new? smaller than list list-type=”bulleted” id=”dme12403-list-0001″ bigger than The traits and beliefs that people with diabetes

bring with them to clinical LY2090314 chemical structure interventions influence the outcomes of interventions, even those previously shown to be efficacious. Conscientiousness, a personal trait, and diabetes IPI-145 supplier self-efficacy, a set of beliefs and expectations about management, are independent predictors of the success of interventions to improve management and reduce distress.”
“Background: Supervised exercise training (SET) is recommended as initial treatment to improve walking capacity in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients with intermittent claudication. Various mechanisms by which SET yields beneficial effects are postulated, however data regarding its influence on angiogenesis are scarce. Thus, we designed a prospective randomized controlled trial to study the impact of SET on markers of angiogenesis and endothelial function in PAD.\n\nMethods: Forty PAD patients were randomized to SET on top of best medical treatment (SET + BMT) for 6 months versus best medical treatment (BMT) only. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were assessed by whole-blood flow cytometry (co-expression of CD34+CD133+KDR+) and cell culture assays (endothelial cell-colony forming units, circulating angiogenic cells,

migration assay) at baseline, 3,6 and 12-months after inclusion. Changes of plasma levels of ACY-738 a symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and maximum walking distance were determined.\n\nResults: EPC – measured by flow cytometric and cell culture techniques-increased significantly upon training paralleled by a significant decrease of ADMA when compared to the BMT group (p < 0.05). Six months after training cessation, the beneficial effect of SET on EPC diminished, but maximum walking distance was significantly improved compared to baseline and controls (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed for VEGF and SDF-1 plasma levels in time course.

The overall prevalence of PIUC was 8.4%, but PIUC frequency was significantly increased in premature births at smaller than 28 weeks (21.4%, P smaller than 0.001). There was no association with other adverse pregnancy outcomes. PIUC was associated with decreased placental weight Z-score

(-0.69 +/- 0.92 versus -0.22 +/- 1.3, P = 0.0056), but not fetal weight Z-score, suggesting increased utilization of placental reserve. PIUC was also associated with relatively elongated placentas (length minus width: 2.6 +/- 3.2 versus 1.0 +/- 3.1, P = 0.006). PIUC tended to be more frequent in young primiparous mothers find more and was significantly less common in women with a history of prior curettage (66% vs 50%, P = 0.013). These data, together with

equivalent rates of prior cesarean section, multiparity, and advanced maternal age, support a primary developmental disorder as opposed to secondary placental migration due to underlying uterine abnormalities (“trophotropism”). Except for a borderline significant MCC950 cost association with findings suggestive of maternal malperfusion (P = 0.078), PIUC was not associated with other placental lesions.”
“Vaccines are currently available for many infectious diseases caused by several microbes and the prevention of disease and death by vaccination has profoundly improved public health globally. However, vaccines are not yet licensed for use against many other infectious diseases and new or improved vaccines are needed to replace suboptimal vaccines, and against newly emerging pathogens. selleck chemical Most of the vaccines currently licensed for human use include live attenuated and inactivated or killed microorganisms. Only a small subset is based on purified components and even fewer are recombinantly produced. Novel approaches in recombinant DNA technology, genomics and structural biology have revolutionized the way vaccine candidates are developed and will make a significant impact in the generation of safer and more effective vaccines.”
“Background-The epigenome refers to marks on the genome, including DNA methylation and histone modifications,

that regulate the expression of underlying genes. A consistent profile of gene expression changes in end-stage cardiomyopathy led us to hypothesize that distinct global patterns of the epigenome may also exist.\n\nMethods and Results-We constructed genome-wide maps of DNA methylation and histone-3 lysine-36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) enrichment for cardiomyopathic and normal human hearts. More than 506 Mb sequences per library were generated by high-throughput sequencing, allowing us to assign methylation scores to approximate to 28 million CG dinucleotides in the human genome. DNA methylation was significantly different in promoter CpG islands, intragenic CpG islands, gene bodies, and H3K36me3-enriched regions of the genome. DNA methylation differences were present in promoters of upregulated genes but not downregulated genes.

Feeding of contaminated diet resulted in significantly reduced blood phagocytic activity (19.5 +/- 1.1% in the negative control vs. 12.8 +/- 0.8% in the DON-treated group, p < 0.05). Se-yeast supplemented to the DON

contaminated diet prevented suppression of phagocytic activity. Dietary intake of DON at levels 3 mg/kg did not influence the plasma alpha-tocopherol level while excessive dietary Se dose reduced it in both Se supplemented groups. Neither the birds of DON-treated group nor the birds from group 4 with DON and Se-yeast showed any response in plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Subtoxic dietary level of DON significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the duodenal mucosa, while additional Se supplementation prevented such a response to mycotoxin. On the other hand, both Se supplemented groups showed significantly elevated ML323 GPx activities in blood, liver and kidney, (p < 0.05). The results suggest a potential ability of excessive supplementation of organic selenium to prevent the blood phagocytic activity suppression and changes in GPx activity in duodenal tissue induced VX-680 supplier in broilers by subtoxic dietary levels of DON.”
“The BigSol Superconducting Solenoid Beam Line at the Texas A&M Superconducting Cyclotron has been used to measure energy

losses of Ar-40, Kr-84, Au-197 and U-238 ions in mylar, aluminum and isobutane at energies ranging from the Bragg peak up to several MeV/nucleon. The experimental data are compared with predictions from the SRIM code. In general experimental data for Ar-40 and Kr-84 are in agreement with 20s Proteasome activity model predictions whereas differences on the order of 10% are evidenced in some cases for Au-197 and U-238 ions especially at and around the Bragg peak energies. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“The purpose of this study is to develop novel triazole-containing hydrogels (TGs) as drug carrier and to investigate the sustained drug release accomplished by their time-dependent swelling behavior. The synthetic pathway of TGs includes: (1) DCC-coupling on hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to prepare HEMA-alkyne (HA), (2) click-coupling to prepare

a triazole-ring-containing monomer (TM), and (3) the synthesis of a series of TGs. The aggregation between triazole rings is found to be responsible for drug release controllability. Rhodamine 6G is studied as a model anticancer drug for release experiments. The effects of pH and temperature on the properties of sustained drug release are also studied. <boxed-text content-type=”graphic” position=”anchor”> <graphic xmlns:xlink=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink” xlink:href=”urn:x-wiley:10221336:media:marc201300585:marc201300585-abs-0001″>image</graphic”
“This paper presents arguments for, and evidence in support of, the important role of pleasure in animals’ lives, and outlines its considerable significance to humankind’s relationship to other animals.

chalcites samples from one locality were positively correlated with body size, suggesting that more carnivorous larvae become larger adults. However, this relationship was not detected in other species/locality groups. Thus, our results were inconclusive on the issue of diet supplementation. Nevertheless, selleck chemicals overall, these results are comparable with those of previous laboratory-rearing experiments and demonstrate the potential utility of stable isotope analysis in field studies on the feeding ecology of granivorous carabids.”
“Cardiovascular diseases are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, the development

of which is highly dependent on our Western lifestyle. Slowing this pathology depends on the reduction of risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, high selleck blood pressure, smoking, lack of physical activity, excess weight and diabetes. Drug treatment exists and is very effective, but too often they treat the immediate abnormality such as diabetes, high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia and not the underlying causes: poor eating habits, lack of physical activity and excess weight. These have a negative impact on endothelial function, oxidative stress, and can trigger inflammation, arrythmias

and thrombosis. Cardiovascular prevention must therefore target sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, and favor low-calorie, low-salt food and Mediterranean diet. The way this diet works begins to be understood and goes beyond simple cardiovascular prevention. Therapeutic education holds a growing and complementary role in the Public Health system which should call upon the strengths of all healthcare professionals. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.”
“Objective To document racial disparity in biomarker concentrations in maternal/fetal plasma and amniotic fluid between African Americans and European Americans

with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB; cases) and normal term birth (controls), and their contribution to distinct pathophysiological pathways of PTB.\n\nDesign Nested case-control study.\n\nSetting The Perinatal CYT387 manufacturer Research Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.\n\nSample Maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid samples were collected from 105 cases (59 African American and 46 European American) and 86 controls (40 African American and 46 European American).\n\nMethods Thirty-six biomarkers were analysed using the protein microarray approach.\n\nMain outcome measures Differences in biomarker concentrations between cases and controls of different races in maternal, fetal and intra-amniotic compartments, and the risk of PTB. Dysregulated biomarker-induced PTB pathways associated with PTB in each race were determined using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA).

“
“The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the variation of miR-221 on the prostate cancer cells’ NE

differentiation and invasive function and to examine the function of miR-221 in plasma as a blood-based miRNA biomarker candidate for CaP. The expression of 7 miRNAs in LNCaP, selleck compound LNCaP-AI, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines was detected by Northern blotting. LNCaP and LNCaP-AI cells cultured in androgen-depleted medium were transfected with different synthetic miRs. The ability of invasiveness was evaluated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Cell growth was assessed by using the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay at different times. The expression of NSE and DVL2 during the neuroendocrine phenotype and migration were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The level of miR-221 in the prostate cancer samples was measured by qRT-PCR. MiR-221 was significantly increased compared AIPC with ADPC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-221 in LNCaP cells significantly increased the level of NSE expression and induced NE differentiation. Knocking down the level

of miR-221 expression with antagonist miR-221 in the LNCaP-AI cell line increased migration and invasion (P < 0.01). DVL2 protein level was up-regulated after transfection of anti-miR-221. MiR-221 was up-regulated in CaP plasma (P < 0.01). We demonstrate a significant difference in miR-221 expression between ADPC and AIPC. MiR-221 may contribute ON-01910 molecular weight to NE differentiation, which may be the cause for AIPC. We also suggest that miR-221 may control the migration of AIPC cells through DVL2, working as a key regulator in advanced CaP. The role of miR-221 in other target mRNA needs to be further investigated.”
“OBJECTIVES: Recent treatment guidelines recommend two first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection: proton pump inhibitor (PPI), bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole (quadruple therapy) or PPI, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin (triple therapy). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and tolerability

of these regimens as first-line treatment of H. pylori.\n\nMETHODS: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ACP Journal Club, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment Database, and abstracts selleck from prominent gastrointestinal scientific meetings was carried out. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bismuth quadruple therapy to clarithromycin triple therapy were selected for meta-analysis. Two independent reviewers extracted data, using standardized data forms. Meta-analysis was carried out with the metan command in Stata 10.1. Funnel plots and subgroup analyses were carried out.\n\nRESULTS: Nine RCTs (N = 1,679) were included. Although dosing regimens of clarithromycin triple therapy were quite consistent between trials, dosing regimens varied considerably for bismuth quadruple therapy.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were analyzed by real time RT-PCR, ELISA or immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for adipocyte area calculations. Adipocyte size is negatively correlated to MCP-1 expression (r = -0.475; p = 0.034) in EAT and positively correlated in SAT (r = 0.438: p = 0.047). These trends persisted after stratification

for sex and coronary artery disease (CAD), but only the relationship between EAT MCP-1 and adipocyte size reached statistical significance in the larger group of men with CAD. We have observed that SAT adipocyte size is correlated to BMI (r = 0.601; p = 0.003); whereas only a non-statistically significant trend click here was observed in EAT. IL-10 and TNF-alpha

expression were not associated to adipocyte size in EAT nor SAT. Secondarily, we found that EAT IL-10 expression is higher in patients with CAD.\n\nThese results suggest that adipocyte size is a negative determinant of MCP-1 expression in EAT and a positive determinant in SAT. These data might partly explain the different implications of EAT and SAT in cardiovascular diseases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This this website study was an exploratory analysis of dietary and other risk factors for primary salivary gland cancer in a population-based case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Cases were men and women diagnosed between 1995 and 1996 with a first primary cancer of the salivary gland, identified through the Ontario Cancer Registry. Controls were an age-matched random sample of the population of Ontario, identified through property assessment files. Cases (n = 91) and controls (n = 1897) completed a self-administered questionnaire with information on diet, smoking, height and weight, and other lifestyle and socio-demographic factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among dietary variables, high relative

to low intakes of alcohol (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.68-2.35), fruits (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.68-2.33), sweets (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 0.85-3.25), dairy (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 0.77-2.58), and starchy foods (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.96-3.3) were associated with non-statistically significant Selleck LB-100 increased risk of salivary gland cancer; whereas vegetables and meats were linked with non-statistically significant decreased risks of the disease. Among non-diet factors, male sex, obese BMI, exposure to occupational radiation, family history of cancer, and household income were suggestive of increased disease risk. Future work with larger numbers of cases are needed to further explore these associations.”
“This study was aimed to compare the intraoperative sedative and perioperative analgesic drug requirements and the incidences of postoperative side effects on the patients who received preoperative gabapentin or placebo. Sixty patients undergoing nasal septal or nasal sinus surgery were included.

These technical complications Selleckchem A1331852 influenced posttransplant observations. Renal artery thrombosis resulted in anuria and increased serum creatinine levels. A stenotic renal vein was associated with a greater peak of serum creatinine. These complications were prevented by modifying the surgical technique accordingly.\n\nConclusions. We developed and optimized a reproducible model of porcine kidney autotransplantation. Herein we have demonstrated the importance of a proper surgical anastomotic technique to avoid inflow or outflow obstruction that might jeopardize posttransplant kidney function. This clinically relevant model offers the possibility to study various aspects related to

kidney preservation without the interference of an

allogeneic immune response.”
“Litchi chinensis pericarp from litchi processing waste is an important plant source of A-type procyanidins, which were considered a natural dietary supplement because of their high biological activity in vivo. Litchi pericarp oligomeric procyanidins (LPOPCs) did not selectively modify the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei-01 at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, and it was demonstrated that the two strains could transform procyanidins during their log period of growth by two different pathways. S. thermophilus was able to metabolize procyanidin A2 to its isomer, and L. casei could decompose flavan-3-ols into 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic LBH589 cost acid, m-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid. The total

antioxidant capability (T-AOC) of LPOPCs before and after microbial incubation was estimated, and the results suggested that probiotic bacteria bioconversion is a feasible and efficient method to convert litchi pericarp procyanidins to a more effective antioxidant agent.”
“One-pot etherification reaction of aromatic Selleck MRT67307 and some aliphatic carbonyl compounds with organic halides in the presence of sodium hydride as a reducing reagent proceeded smoothly in dioxane, a polar solvent with higher boiling point, to provide desired ethers in moderate to high yields.”
“Finding the source of a fungal infection and selecting the most appropriate treatment for candidemia is often challenging for physicians, especially when the patient has a complex medical history We describe the case of a 48-year-old woman who had persistent candidemia after undergoing explantation of a left ventricular assist device. The source of the infection was found to be a right atrial thrombus. The mass was removed, and the patient underwent aggressive treatment with micafungin. Removal of the right atrial mass, followed by potent antifungal treatment, resulted in a successful recovery (Tex Heart Inst J 2012;39(3):390-2)”
“In forensic science, identifying a tissue where a forensic specimen was originated is one of the principal challenges.

Karyotyping and surface immunophenotyping of the cells were performed.\n\nResults:\n\nIt

was found that a population of ligament-derived cells could be expanded and subcultured extensively. These cells were able to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes under appropriate inductions. Their phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Karyotyping was normal after serial passage.\n\nConclusions:\n\nIn OICR-9429 nmr summary, our study demonstrates that human multipotent stem cells can be isolated and expanded from human ACL and PCL, which are easily obtained from patients following total knee or cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Self-renewal and mesodermal differentiation potential of these cells make them a viable alternative source for use in regenerative medicine.”
“The first lineage decision during mouse development is the establishment of trophectoderm and inner cell mass lineages, morphologically distinguishable at the blastocyst stage. The Caudal-like transcription factor Cdx2 is required for repression of inner cell mass genes Oct4 and Nanog in the trophectoderm. Expression of Cdx2 in the

trophectoderm is thus one of the earliest known events in lineage determination. However, it is not clear whether Rabusertib molecular weight the Cdx2 expression pattern is the cause or the consequence of this first lineage decision. Here, we show that Cdx2 is initially ubiquitously expressed, and becomes progressively upregulated in outside, future trophectoderm cells prior to blastocyst formation. Ubiquitous Cdx2 expression begins around the time of cell polarization, selleckchem but we show that cell polarization is independent of zygotic Cdx2. Finally, we show functionally that Cdx2 is downstream of lineage allocation since Cdx2 mutant cells, which show cell-autonomous defects in

expression of Oct4, Nanog, and the tropbectoderm marker Eomesodermin, do not preferentially contribute to inner cell mass in chimeric blastocysts. Cdx2 therefore appears to act downstream of the first lineage decision, suggesting that processes influencing lineage allocation or morphogenesis may regulate Cdx2 expression along the inside/outside axis of the embryo. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Chemoresistance is a major issue for most gemcitabine-related chemotherapies. The overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1) plays a key role in gemcitabine resistance. In this study, we synthesized a new highly acid-sensitive amphiphilic micelle material by conjugating hydrophilic poly-ethylene glycol with a hydrophobic stearic acid derivative (C18) using a hydrazone bond, which was named as PHC-2. A lipophilic prodrug of gemcitabine, 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine (GemC18), was loaded into micelles prepared with PHC-2, a previously synthesized less acid-sensitive PHC-1, and their acid-insensitive counterpart, PAC.

32, 95% CI: 1.15-1.52). The study also showed that the RR of asthma events on a given day, as well as the average daily peak ozone concentration during the preceding 48-72 h, increased at cumulative ozone concentrations of 70 to 100 ppb and 100 ppb or more compared with ozone concentrations of less than 70 ppb (P < 0.05). We concluded that along with “good” weather conditions, efforts to reduce traffic congestion in Beijing during the Olympic Games were associated with a prolonged reduction in air pollution and significantly lower rates of adult asthma events. These data provide support for efforts

to reduce air pollution this website and improve health via reductions in motor vehicle traffic.”
“A simple topological graph T = (V(T). E(T)) is a drawing of a graph in the plane, where every two edges have at most one common point (an end-point or a crossing) and no three edges pass through a single crossing. Topological graphs G and H are isomorphic if H can be obtained from G by a homeomorphism of the sphere, and weakly isomorphic if G and H have the same set of pairs of crossing edges. We prove that the number of isomorphism classes of simple complete topological graphs on it vertices is 2((-)(n4)). We also show that the number of weak isomorphism classes of simple complete topological

JNK-IN-8 graphs with n vertices and ((n)(4)) crossings is at least 2(n(log n-O(1))), which improves the estimate of Harborth and Mengersen. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and Objectives: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may reduce pain scores and improve function in patients with various chronic abdominal pain syndromes including chronic pancreatitis. Here described is a large clinical

experience in SCS for severe chronic pancreatitis.\n\nMethods: SCS was trialed in 30 patients with chronic pancreatitis. PX-478 order SCS trials lasted 7-14 days (median 9 days). SCS lead tips were mostly positioned at the T5 (N = 10) or T6 (N = 10) vertebral level.\n\nResults: Twenty-four patients (80%) reported at least 50% pain relief on completion of the trial. Among these, pre-trial visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores averaged 8 +/- 1.6 (standard deviation) and opioid use averaged 165 +/- 120 mg morphine sulfate equivalents. During the trial, VAS pain scores decreased to 3.67 +/- 2 cm (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test) and opioid use decreased to 105 +/- 101 mg morphine equivalent a day. Six patients failed the trial; one was lost to follow-up; in three patients after the implantation, the system had to be removed due to infection or lead migration; and 20 were followed for the whole year. For 20 patients followed for the whole year, VAS pain scores remained low (3.6 +/- 2 cm; p < 0.001) at one year, as did opioid use (48.6 +/- 58 mg morphine equivalents).\n\nConclusions: SCS may be a useful therapeutic option for patients with severe visceral pain from chronic pancreatitis. Prospective trial is warranted.

The p38 MAPK pathway transducer made angles of 90 degrees, 60 degrees and 45 degrees with the surface of the phantom. The times to perform the procedures were significantly shorter and the needle visualisation was significantly better when using the needle guidance device. The residents ranked their satisfaction with the needle-guidance device

significantly better than the ‘free-hand’ technique. This device may be beneficial when performing ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks, especially by inexperienced operators.”
“Context. Malignant fungating wounds (MFW) result from cutaneous infiltration by carcinogenic cells. Fetid odor, profuse exudate, pain, and infection are common symptoms that add to the physical and psychological suffering

of patients with MFW. The topical treatment of MFW remains controversial.\n\nObjectives. 17DMAG mouse To collect evidence about topical treatments to control the odor of MFW.\n\nMethods. Fourteen sources of data were used, without restriction in terms of language, period, or study design. The patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome strategy for the development of research questions yielded 334 descriptors related to oncology, MFW, topical treatments, medications, and symptoms of these lesions. Data from the abstracts of these articles were extracted by two independent researchers and decisions were reached by consensus among them. Through an analysis of these abstracts, studies that broached the topic of MFW odor were selected. These studies were analyzed in their entirety and were classified according to quality, levels of evidence, and grade of recommendation.\n\nResults. Of 11,111

studies identified, 325 (2.93%) made reference to the control of some symptoms of MFW by means of topical interventions: 12.4% related to odor, 16.8% to exudate, 17.8% to bleeding, 31.0% to pain, and 22.0% to MFW-related infection. Within the 59 studies that analyzed odor control, seven were clinical trials (35%), five were case series (25%), and eight (40%) were case studies. Eleven topical treatments EPZ5676 nmr were identified. Topical metronidazole and Mesalt(R) dressing yielded 213 level of evidence or B grade of recommendation. Activated carbon dressing and curcumin ointment yielded 2c level of evidence or B grade of recommendation. C and D grades of recommendation were observed for seven topical treatments: topical arsenic trioxide, essential oils, green tea extract, hydropolymer dressings, antiseptic solutions, hydrogels, and debridement enzymes. The variety of interventions and of the methodological quality of the studies did not allow for meta-analysis.\n\nConclusion. Of the 59 studies of odor, 20 fulfilled all the criteria for inclusion.