Figure 8 HRTEM of H/O x with (a) the thickest IL and (b) the thin

Figure 8 HRTEM of H/O x with (a) the thickest IL and (b) the thinnest IL. In (b), it is observed that HfO2 is directly contact with Si in some locations. Figure 9 C-V curves measured at various frequencies for H/O x . (a) EOT = 26 Å, having

the least D it; (b) EOT = 24 Å; (c) EOT = 23 Å; (d) EOT = 22 Å, having the highest D it. (3) where C ox is the gate oxide capacitance per unit area, C H is the measured capacitance per unit area under frequency 1 MHz, and C L is the measured capacitance per unit area under frequency 1 kHz. The cumulative data of D it at midgap (E t  = E i ) of samples H/Ox are presented in Figure 10 (SH/Ox not shown for CB-5083 cell line brevity). Higher D it and wider Weibull distribution for samples with thin IL are observed. Nonuniform interfacial property becomes serious when IL thickness is reduced. Figure 10 Cumulative data of D it at midgap ( E t   =  E i ) for H/O x . The wider distribution of data represents the phenomenon of nonuniformity for devices with thinner IL. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that structure with stacking dielectric layer would own the higher breakdown field from TZDB test. While higher breakdown power at the initiation of breakdown BAY 1895344 mw and

lower resistance after breakdown are observed for stacking structure. In addition, the importance of IL is discussed in this work. Thinner IL would result in the increase of D it and the degradation of breakdown field. The explanation of the phenomenon is proposed and is confirmed by HRTEM. see more Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan, Republic of China, under Contract No. NSC 102-2221-E-002-183-MY3. References 1. Kim NS, Austin T, Baauw D, Mudge T, Flautner K, Hu JS, Irwin MJ, Kandemir M, Narayanan V: Leakage current:

Moore’s law meets static power. IEEE computer 2003, 36:68–74. 2. Tang S, Wallance RM, Seabaugh A, King-Smith D: Evaluating the minimum thickness of gate oxide on silicon using first-principles method. Appl Surf Sci 1998, 135:137–142. 10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00286-4CrossRef 3. Muller DA, Sorsch T, Moccio S, buy CX-4945 Baumann FH, Evans-Lutterodt K, Timp G: The electronic structure at the atomic scale of ultrathin gate oxides. Nature 1999, 399:758–761. 10.1038/21602CrossRef 4. Timp G, Agarwal A, Baumann FH, Boone T, Buonanno M, Cirelli R, Donnelly V, Foad M, Grant D, Green M, Gossmann H, Hillenius S, Jackson J, Jacobson D, Kleiman R, Komblit A, Klemens F, Lee JT-C, Mansfield W, Moccio S, Murrell A, O’Malley M, Rosamilia J, Sapjeta J, Silverman P, Sorsch T, Tai WW, Tennant D, Vuong H, Weir B: Low leakage, ultra-thin gate oxides for extremely high performance sub-100 nm nMOSFETs. IEEE Int Electron Devices Meeting 1997, 930. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1997.650534 5. Cho MH, Ko DH, Choi YG, Lyo IW, Jeong K, Whang CN: YSi 2-x formation in the presence of interfacial SiO 2 layer. J Appl Phys 2002, 92:5555–5559. 10.1063/1.1512323CrossRef 6.

Toledo MS, Suzuki E, Straus AH, Takahashi HK: Glycolipids from Pa

Toledo MS, Suzuki E, Straus AH, Takahashi HK: Glycolipids from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis . Isolation of a galactofuranose-containing glycolipid reactive with sera of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1995, 33:247–251.PubMedCrossRef 11. Levery SB, Toledo MS, Straus AH, Takahashi HK: Structure elucidation of sphingolipids from the mycopathogen Paracoccidioides

brasiliensis : An immunodominant β-galactofuranose residue is carried by a novel glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide antigen. Biochemistry 1998, 37:8764–8775.PubMedCrossRef 12. Straus AH, Suzuki E, Toledo MS, Takizawa C, Takahashi HK: Immunochemical characterization of carbohydrate antigens from fungi, protozoa and mammals by monoclonal antibodies directed to glycan CBL-0137 ic50 epitopes. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995, 28:919–923.PubMed 13. Suzuki E, Toledo MS, Takahashi HK, Straus AH: A monoclonal antibody directed to terminal residue of beta-galactofuranose of a glycolipid antigen isolated from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis : cross-reactivity

with Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi . Glycobiology 1997, 7:463–468.PubMedCrossRef 14. Bertini www.selleckchem.com/products/GSK690693.html S, Colombo AL, Takahashi HK, Straus AH: Expression of antibodies directed to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycosphingolipids during the course of paracoccidioidomycosis treatment. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007, 14:150–156.PubMedCrossRef 15. Toledo MS, Levery SB, Bennion B, Guimarães LL, Castle SA, Lindsey R, Momany M, Park C, Straus AH, Takahashi D-malate dehydrogenase HK: Analysis of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides expressed by the opportunistic mycopathogen Milciclib purchase Aspergillus fumigatus . J Lipid Res 2007, 48:1801–1824.PubMedCrossRef

16. Aoki K, Uchiyama R, Itonori S, Sugita S, Che FS, Isogai A, Hada N, Takeda T, Kumagai H, Yamamoto K: Structural elucidation of novel phosphocholine-containing glycosylinositol-phosphoceramide in filamentous fungi and their induction of cell death of cultured rice cells. Biochem J 2004, 378:461–472.PubMedCrossRef 17. Bennion B, Park C, Fuller M, Lindsey R, Momany M, Jennemann R, Levery SB: Glycosphingolipids of the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans : characterization of GIPCs with oligo-alpha-mannose-type glycans. J Lipid Res 2003, 44:2073–2088.PubMedCrossRef 18. Heise N, Gutierrez ALS, Mattos KA, Jones C, Wait R, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L: Molecular analysis of a novel family of complex glycoinositolphosphoryl ceramides from Cryptococcus neoformans : Structural differences between encapsulated and acapsular yeast forms. Glycobiology 2002, 12:409–420.PubMedCrossRef 19. Simenel C, Coddeville B, Delepierre M, Latgé JP, Fontaine T: Glycosylinositolphosphoceramides in Aspergillus fumigatus . Glycobiology 2008, 18:84–96.PubMedCrossRef 20. Wells GB, Dickson RC, Lester RL: Isolation and composition of inositolphosphorylceramide-type sphingolipids of hyphal forms of Candida albicans . J Bacteriol 1996, 178:6223–6226.PubMed 21.

The spin-coating process was done dropping 0 2 ml of solution on

The spin-coating process was done dropping 0.2 ml of solution on the cleaned substrate and rotating it at 3,000 rpm. Then, heat

treatment NVP-BEZ235 concentration at 80°C was necessary to evaporate the organic component from the layer. ZnO sputtered on ITO The second ZnO nucleant layer was prepared by DC sputtering process on the same ITO substrate described in the section ‘ZnO spin coated on ITO’ from a ZnO target of 99.999% purity. A homemade sputtering system with a power of 100 W, 2 × 10−2 mbar of Ar pressure, and a substrate temperature of 300°C was used. The layer obtained has 60-nm thickness and a stable wurtzite crystalline structure. Growth of ZnO nanorods on three different substrates ZnO nanorods were obtained by electrochemistry technique in a classical three-electrode electrochemical cell, with the spin-coated ZnO films, sputtered ZnO films, or ITO substrates as the working electrode. A platinum sheet and Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) were used as auxiliary and reference SIS3 nmr electrodes, respectively.

The electrolyte used was 5 × 10−3 M ZnCl2 (RG) and 0.1 M KCl (RG) solution with O2 saturation working at 70°C during the whole electrodeposition process. The experiments were carried out in an Autolab PGSTAT302N potentiostat (Metrohm, Utrecht, The Netherlands) with an ADC 10M card for ultrafast measurement acquisition (one sample

every 10 ns). The electrochemical experiments were performed potentiostatically for 10 min, galvanostatically for 10 min, and by pulsed current at a frequency of 0.5 Hz for 20 min, for each of the substrates. The optimal potential for each substrate was chosen by means of a 5-Fluoracil price cyclic voltammetry curve with the same variable process of 0.1 V/s. As an example, a current–voltage study performed under these conditions for the ITO substrate is shown in Figure 1. Two different stages on the deposition branches can be distinguished, corresponding to the dominant reactions: Figure 1 Linear voltammetry curve. ZnCl2 5 × 10−3 M and 0.1 M KCl at 70°C on ITO substrate at 0.1 V/s. PR-171 concentration Reaction A: Zn+2 + 0.5 O2 + H2O→ 2e − + Zn(OH)n Reaction B: Zn+2 + 0.5 O2→ 2e − + ZnO Table 1 shows the electrochemical parameters applied for the potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and pulsed-current growth of the ZnO process for each nucleant layer. Table 1 Electrochemical parameters for each nucleant layer used Nucleant layer Potentiostatic Galvanostatic Pulsed current E (V) Time (s) I (mA) Time (s) I (mA) t ON (s) t OFF (s) Time (s) ITO −1 600 −4 600 −4 1 1 1,200 Spin-coated ZnO −1 600 −1.75 600 −1.75 1 1 1,200 Sputtered ZnO −0.8 600 −1.5 600 −1.

Each compound at all the concentrations was

(1998), using a MEK inhibitor review Multiskan RC photometer (Labsystems,

Helsinki, Finland). Each set of experiments was repeated 3–5 times. SRB assay The cells were attached to the bottom of plastic wells by gently layering cold 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) on the top of the culture medium in each well. The plates were stored at 4°C for 1 h and washed five times with tap water. The cells fixed with TCA were treated for selleck chemicals 30 min with 0.4% solution of sulforhodamine B in 1% acetic acid. Then, the R788 price cells were washed four times with 1% acetic acid. The protein-bound dye was extracted with

10 mM unbuffered Tris base. Optical density (λ = 540 nm) was determined in a microplate reader Multiskan RC photometer. MTT assay Culture medium was gently removed from each well and cells were incubated for 4 h at 37°C with 20 μl MTT solution (5 mg/ml). Then, 80 μl of the mixture that contained 67.5 g sodium dodecyl sulfate and 225 ml dimethylformamide in 275 ml distilled water were added. After 24 h crystals of formazan were solubilized and the optical densities of the samples were read on a Multiskan RC photometer at 570 nm. Results and discussion Chemistry The main goal of this research was investigation of the demethylation reaction of substituted isoxanthohumols (4–10) to provide 8-prenylnaringenins (11–15). The investigated reactions are shown in Fig. 1 and the results are summarized in Table 2.

Fig. 1 Synthesis of the isoxanthohumol derivatives (4–10) and 8-prenylnaringenin derivatives (11–15) from isoxanthohumol (2) Table 2 Synthesis of 7-O- and 4′-O-substituted isoxanthohumols (4–10), their demethylation to 8-prenylnaringenins second (11–15) and antiproliferative activity in vitro Entry Substrate Product Yield[a] [%)] 7-O-R 4′-O-R Cell line/ID50 (μg/ml)±SD MCF-7 HT-29 CCRF/CEM   – 1 – – – 4.7 ± 0.6 3.8 ± 0.6 4.1 ± 0.5   1 2 – – – 9.4 ± 0.4 32.6 ± 0.3 18.2 ± 1.9   2 3 – – – 19.4 ± 1.9 33.2 ± 0.8 24.2 ± 1.4 1a 2 4 69.4 Me Me 6.6 ± 0.6 6.0 ± 1.2 5.0 ± 1.7 1b 2 5 8.8 Me H Not tested Not tested Not tested 2a 2 6 27.6 Pentyl H 8.3 ± 1.2 6.9 ± 0.8 5.4 ± 0.9 2b 2 7 13.6 Pentyl Pentyl 7.1 ± 0.6 8.2 ± 1.3 4.3 ± 0.7 3 2 8 81.2 Allyl Allyl 5.2 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 1.1 2.7 ± 0.5 4 2 9 74.1 Ac Ac 16.9 ± 2.3 32.1 ± 0.7 23.3 ± 1.1 5 2 10 81.6 Palmitoyl Palmitoyl Negative Negative Negative 6 4 11 61.3 Me Me 36.9 ± 6.2 Negative Negative 7 6 12 84.8 Pentyl H 3.9 ± 0.2 10.0 ± 2.9 4.8 ± 0.4 8 8 13 78.9 Allyl Allyl Negative Negative Negative 9 9 14 88.4 Ac Ac 28.0 ± 2.6 36.1 ± 3.8 37.0 ± 3.5 10 10 15 74.

Wang K, Ruan J, Qian

Q, Song H, Bao CC, Kong YF, Zhang CL

Wang K, Ruan J, Qian

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Plant soil 1993, 152:1–17 CrossRef 19 Ramos LMG, Boddey RM: Yiel

Plant soil 1993, 152:1–17.CrossRef 19. Ramos LMG, Selleckchem HSP inhibitor Boddey RM: Yield and nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris and the competitiveness of an introduced Rhizobium strain: effects of lime, mulch and repeated cropping. Soil Biol Chem 1987, 19:171–177. 20. Graham PH: Some problems of nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: a review. Field Crop Res 1981, 4:93–112.CrossRef 21. Sessitsch A, Howieson JG, Perret X, Antoun H, Martínez-Romero E: Advances in Rhizobium research. Crit Rev Plant Sci 2002, 21:323–378.CrossRef 22. Suárez R, Wong A, Ramírez M, Barraza A, Orozco MC, Cevallos MA, Lara M, Hernández

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All mice were sacrificed on the 42nd day, and the final tumor vol

All mice were sacrificed on the 42nd day, and the final tumor volume and weight in SiTF group (209.6 ± 97.6 mm3 and 0.21 ± 0.10 g, n = 5) were markedly smaller than that in control group (600.8 ± 182.0 mm3 and 0.59 ± 0.18 g, n = 5) and mock group (513.8 ± 112.6 mm3 and 0.52 ± 0.12 g, n = 5) (Figure 18 and Figure 19).

In addition, the relative protein expression of TF in SiTF group was decreased significantly, but there was no statistical significance between control group and mock group (Figure 20). After all, these results indicated that intratumoral injection with TF-siRNA suppressed the tumor growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vivo. Figure 18 Tumor volume curve and bar graph of tumor weight on the 42nd day when mice were killed.

(A): The curve showed that the tumor growth of SiTF group from days 22 to the end was significantly inhibited compared to that of GSK1838705A cost control and mock selleck inhibitor groups. (B): Bar represented that the tumor weight of SiTF group was decreased than that of control and mock group. **P < 0.01 versus mock. Figure 19 Knockdown of TF by siRNA inhibited the tumor growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in nude mice. (A and B): Representative images showed that the tumor size of SiTF group was markedly smaller on the 42nd day after tumor cells inoculation than that of control Cyclosporin A in vivo and mock group. Figure 20 TF-siRNA inhibited the protein expression of TF in vivo as determined by Western blot. Representative images were shown and bar represented that the relative expression of TF in SiTF group was significantly inhibited compared Farnesyltransferase to that in control and mock groups. **P < 0.01 versus mock. Discussion Despite advances in the medical and surgical treatments, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths [1]and because of intrinsic properties of lung adenocarcinoma which cells show a high ability to rapid progress, it has a poor prognosis in main histological types

of lung cancer [24, 25]. Tumor progression includes tumor cell proliferation, invasion (loss of cell to cell adhesion, increased cell motility and basement membrane degradation), vascular intravasation and extravasation, establishment of a metastatic niche, and angiogenesis [23, 26, 27]. Therefore, how to effectively inhibit the proliferative and metastatic biological behavior of Lung adenocarcinoma cells is a key problem to improve the outcome. Recent studies have implicated that TF plays an important role in biological processes of many cancers, and the main mechanism is mediated via angiogenesis [28, 29]. In non-small-cell lung carcinomas, the increased TF expression associated with high VEGF levels and microvessel density has gained widespread acceptance [6, 30].

The CC group comprised of 80 females and 127 male participants wh

The CC group comprised of 80 females and 127 male participants while SB group of 47 females and 307 male participants. The majority of the subjects were aged between 18 and 30 years of age. Table 1 Percentage and type of dietary supplements used by all participants   Subjects   City centre (207) SC79 Suburbs (354) Supplements use     No 70% 71.2% Yes 30% 28.8% Users of supplements by gender     Male 69.5% 93.1% Female 30.5% 6.9% Frequency of use

    1 time per wk 12.9% 1% 2 time per wk 8.1% 3.9% 3 time per wk 21.0% 32.3% 4 time per wk 17.7% 6.9% 5 time per wk 14.5% 49% 6 time per wk 1.6% 1% 7 time per wk 24.2% 5.9% Palermo, Italy. Frequency distribution Participants provided information of the frequency of weekly consumption of both supplements and foods. Notwithstanding the CC and the SB have broadly the same frequency of buy PF-6463922 protein supplement consumption (30% and 28.8%), weekly use however differs between groups (Table 1).Male gym users demonstrated greater consumption percentages than females. The survey showed that milk is the most frequently consumed food in all groups (68% of CC and 57.8% of SB of the supplement MK-4827 cost users vs. 53% of CC and 63% of SB of non-users) followed by chicken ( 48% in CC and 50% in SB for the supplement users vs. 21% in CC and 28% in SB for non-users)(Figures 1

& 2). Figure 1 Food intake percentage of people who use protein supplements. The figure provides information about the frequency of consumption of gym users who use

protein supplements and their weekly food intake divided in two categories: Greater than 3 times per week and 3 times or lower per week. The data are expressed as percentage. Figure 2 Food intake percentage of people who don’t use protein supplements. The figure provides information about the frequency of consumption of gym users who don’t use protein supplements and their weekly food intake divided in two categories: Greater than 3 times per week and 3 times or lower per week. The data are expressed as percentage. Data also shows that NSU consumed significantly more snacks and bakery products than SU (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the SU consumed significantly higher quantities of vegetables, nuts, fresh fish, eggs clonidine and canned tuna (P < 0.001). Subsequently a comparison between food categories and protein consumption was assessed (Table 2). Table 2 Frequency of food intake stratified by protein content and associated with protein dietary supplements (>3 times per week)   Yes (%) No (%) p     CC SB CC SB   Low content (10 g or below/100 g) Bakery 14.5 24.5 18.6 43.7     Milk 67.7 57.8 52.4 63.1 < 0.01   Snack 11.3 21.6 26.2 10.7     Yogurt 41.9 25.5 24.8 29     Mean% 33.85 32.35 29.75 36.6   Medium content (10-20 g/100 g) Legumes 29 16.7 9 19     Nuts 11.3 22.5 2.8 15.9     Cheese 32.2 23.5 28.3 9.9 ns   Mean% 24.2 20.9 13.4 14.9   High content (20-25 g or above/100 g) Meat 33.9 24.5 33.8 14.3     Eggs 24.1 24.5 3.4 6.3     Fresh Fish 22.5 7.8 10.3 4.4 < 0.

It was also observed that some

It was also observed that some AR-13324 mouse isolates produced antimicrobial substances with sensitivities to α-amylase (7) and lypase (28), suggesting the presence of carbohydrates and lipids in their structures [42, 43]. These substances can interfere with bacteriocins stability, demanding further studies to verify their appropriateness as biopreservatives in foods [44]. Molecular identification

and rep-PCR fingerprinting of bacteriocinogenic isolates All 57 isolates eFT-508 ic50 that presented antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, whether they produced antimicrobial substances sensitive to enzymes or not (Table 2), was subjected to molecular identification and rep-PCR fingerprinting. The isolates were identified as Lactococcus spp. (24 isolates: 21 L. lactis subsp. lactis, and 3 L. lactis) and Enterococcus spp. (33 isolates:

17 E. durans, 8 E. faecalis, 7 E. faecium, and 1 E. hirae). For Lactococcus spp., it was observed that sequencing of the V1 region (90 bp) of the BI 10773 solubility dmso 16S rRNA gene was sufficient to provide a proper and reliable identification of the isolates, with variations that allowed differentiation of their species and subspecies [29]. However, sequencing of the same region in Enterococcus spp. isolates was not enough to provide a reliable identification at the species level, as observed in previous studies [45–48]; this limitation demanded sequencing of the pheS gene for a proper identification [30]. Considering

the obtained results, isolates from raw goat milk that presented antimicrobial activity were identified as Lactococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp., as is usually observed in studies that investigate this activity in autochthonous microbiota from food systems [9, 11, 49]. For rep-PCR fingerprinting analysis, the isolates were grouped considering their genus identification and 80% Buspirone HCl similarity to the obtained profiles (Figures 1 and 2). Lactococcus spp. isolates were grouped in four clusters, being 20 strains comprising in only one cluster, demonstrating large homology between them (Figure 1). For Enterococcus, the isolates were grouped in 11 clusters, demonstrating their biodiversity and evident similarities between isolates from the same species (Figure 2). Rep-PCR has already been described as a reliable methodology to determine the intra-species biodiversity of LAB isolated from foods, and also to assess the genetic variability of bacteriocinogenic strains [9, 50, 51]. Figure 1 Dendogram generated after cluster analysis of rep-PCR fingerprints of bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus spp. obtained from raw goat milk. Clusters are indicated by numbers. Presence (+) or absence (-) of bacteriocin encoding genes are also indicated. Figure 2 Dendogram generated after cluster analysis of rep-PCR fingerprints of bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus spp. obtained from raw goat milk. Clusters are indicated by numbers.

Table 7 Response on climate change

regarding flight behav

Table 7 Response on climate change

regarding flight behaviour and mobility Type of flight behaviour/mobility per species C. VS-4718 ic50 pamphilus M. jurtina M. athalia P. argus Duration of flying bouts + + + + Tendency to start flying + + + = Proportion of time spent flying + – + = Tortuosity = = = = Net displacement + – + = +, increase; −, decrease; =, neutral The possibility to reach new habitats is a prerequisite under changing climatic conditions (Vos et al. 2008). Individuals must be able to cross distances over unsuitable environments. This study indicates that climate change may increase dispersal propensity in butterflies, as ectothermic species with selleck kinase inhibitor generally poor mobility. Incorporation of these insights in metapopulation find more models

is necessary to improve predictions on the effects of climate change on shifting ranges. Acknowledgments This research was funded by the Dutch national research programme ‘Climate Changes Spatial Planning’ and is part of the strategic research programme ‘Sustainable spatial development of ecosystems, landscapes, seas and regions’ (Project Ecological Resilience) which is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Food Quality, and carried out by Wageningen University and Research Centre. The Dutch Butterfly Monitoring Scheme is a joint project by Dutch Butterfly Conservation and Statistics Netherlands (CBS), supported financially by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. We thank Paul Opdam for helpful comments on the manuscript; the staff of the National Park “De Hoge Veluwe” for permission to work in the Park; Larissa Conradt, René Jochem, Gemcitabine molecular weight Ruut Wegman, and members of the “Friends of the Hoge Veluwe” Fauna working group for practical

help and tips on the fieldwork; and Gerrit Gort and Hans Baveco for help on statistics. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Appendix 1 See Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for flying bouts of M. athalia with temperature as single covariate. Under low temperature (solid line; less or equal to 14°C), butterflies terminate flying bouts sooner than under intermediate temperature (between 14 and 25°C; dashed line; P = 2.9E − 08) and high temperature (more than 25°C; dotted line; P = 1.1E − 09). Appendix 2 See Table 8. Table 8 Correlations between covariates from field study   Species C. pamphilus G Y T R C W Gender (G) 1           Year (Y) 0.30 1         Temperature (T) 0.03 −0.42 1       Radiation (R) −0.05 −0.23 0.44 1     Cloudiness (C) −0.09 0.31 −0.67 −0.30 1   Wind speed (W) −0.06 −0.07 0.05 0.33 −0.13 1   Species M. jurtina G Y T R C W Gender (G) 1           Year (Y) 0.33 1         Temperature (T) −0.21 −0.84 1       Radiation (R) 0.15 0.20 −0.