References 1 Novoselov

KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D,

References 1. Novoselov

KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA: Electric field effect in atomically Talazoparib thin carbon films. Science 2004,306(5696):666–669. 10.1126/science.1102896 15499015CrossRef 2. Castro EV, Novoselov KS, Morozov SV, Peres NMR, dos Santos JMBL, Nilsson J, Guinea F, Geim AK, Neto AHC: Biased bilayer graphene: semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric field effect. Phys Rev Lett 2007, 99:216802. 18233240CrossRef 3. Nourbakhsh A, Cantoro M, Vosch T, Pourtois G, Clemente F, van der Veen MH, Hofkens J, Heyns MM, Gendt SD, Sels BF: Bandgap opening in oxygen plasma-treated graphene. Nanotechnology 2010,21(43):435203. 10.1088/0957-4484/21/43/435203 20890016CrossRef 4. Li X, Wang X, Zhang L, Lee S, Dai H: Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 2008, 319:1229–1232. 10.1126/science.1150878 18218865CrossRef 5. Pereira VM, Neto AHC: Strain engineering of graphene’s electronic structure. Phys Rev Lett 2009,103(4):046 801+.CrossRef 6. Gui G, Li J, Zhong J: Band structure engineering of graphene by strain:

first-principles calculations. Phys Rev B 2008,78(7):075435.CrossRef 7. Rosenkranz N, Mohr M, Thomsen C: Uniaxial strain in graphene and armchair graphene nanoribbons: an ab initio study. Annalen der Physik 2011,523(1–2):137–144. 10.1002/andp.201000092CrossRef 8. Li Y, Jiang X, Liu Z, Liu Selleck LDK378 Z: Strain effects in graphene and graphene nanoribbons: the underlying mechanism. Nano Res 2010,3(8):545–556. 10.1007/s12274-010-0015-7CrossRef 9. Alam K: Uniaxial strain effects on the performance of a ballistic top gate graphene nanoribbon on insulator transistor. Nanotechnol IEEE Trans 2009,8(4):528–534.CrossRef 10. Lee ML, Fitzgerald EA, Bulsara MT, Currie MT, Lochtefeld

A: Strained Si, SiGe, and Ge channels for high-mobility metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys 2005,97(1):011101. 10.1063/1.1819976CrossRef 11. Mohiuddin TMG, Lombardo A, Nair RR, Bonetti A, Savini 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase G, Jalil R, Bonini N, Basko DM, Galiotis C, Marzari N, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Ferrari AC: Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: g peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation. Phys Rev B 2009, 79:205433.CrossRef 12. Ni ZH, Yu T, Lu YH, Wang YY, Feng YP, Shen ZX: Uniaxial strain on graphene: Raman spectroscopy study and band-gap opening. ACS Nano 2008,2(11):2301–2305. 10.1021/nn800459e 19206396CrossRef 13. Mohr M, Papagelis K, Maultzsch J, Thomsen C: Two-dimensional electronic and vibrational band structure of uniaxially strained graphene from ab initio calculations. Phys Rev B 2009, 80:205410.CrossRef 14. Lu Y, Guo J: Band gap of strained graphene nanoribbons. Nano Res 2010,3(3):189–199. 10.1007/s12274-010-1022-4CrossRef 15. Mei H, Yong Z, Hong-Bo Z: Effect of uniaxial strain on band gap of armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons. Chin Phys Lett 2010,27(3):037302. 10.1088/0256-307X/27/3/037302CrossRef 16.

To this end, the collection of ~40 000 KmR colonies derived from

To this end, the collection of ~40.000 KmR colonies derived from P. putida MAD1 plated on M9-citrate with kanamycin and exposed to m-xylene was examined for the appearance of paler blue tones or unusual patterns of Xgal in the otherwise dark blue of the control colonies that peak at the colony centre. Seven of these (Figure 3D and Table S3 of Additional File 1) were chosen for further

analysis. The sequence of the corresponding sites of insertion revealed at least two types of genes that influenced the outcome of anti-EGFR antibody the Pu-lacZ reporter. One group is constituted by an insertion in dnaJ, which appears to downregulate Pu (Figure 3D). DnaJ is a heat-shock protein that stimulates the ATPase activity of DnaK [38] and is perhaps involved in the pathway for proper folding of σ54 (RpoN; [39]). A similar Xgal distribution pattern is observed when the PP1841 gene is disrupted (Figure 3D). Yet, the most unusual phenotype of the Pu-lacZ fusion carried by P. putida MAD1 appeared in an insertion

within the intergenic region between cstA, a gene, which encodes a carbon-stress response protein [40], and PP4642, a type IV pilus assembly gene. In these cases (Figure 3D), the colonies displayed a double-ring distribution of the dye that suggested an influence of either or both of these proteins in adjusting the physiological control of Pu activity [37]. Other interesting phenotypes were produced by mutations in cysD and cysNC genes, the loss of which produce small, slow-growing colonies with a distinct RG7422 supplier fisheye distribution of Xgal. These mutations are expected to bring about a general deficiency of cysteine Methocarbamol [41], which could directly or indirectly affect transcriptional activity (Additional File 1, Table S3). Needless to say, these are preliminary observations that require further examination (see other insertions in Table S3 of Additional File 1). In the meantime, these results illustrate the power of the genetic tool employed for tackling regulatory phenomena. Survey and localization of

highly-expressed proteins in Pseudomonas putida Although the literature reports many systems for generating fluorescent fusion proteins [42, 43] we exploited the layout of the pBAM1 plasmid for constructing a variant able to produce in vivo random insertions of the GFP sequence in chromosomal genes. We reasoned that if a promoterless and leaderless GFP inserts in a gene in the right orientation and in the correct frame we should be able to detect green colonies when insertion occurs either in non essential genes expressed at very high rates or in their permissive termini (note that the final GFP fusions are single-copy). To explore this notion, we constructed a pBAM1 derivative in which the PvuII insert (i.e. the whole mini-transposon part) was replaced by a synthetic DNA with a number of new features.

However, a recent study challenged this idea and proposed an alte

However, a recent study challenged this idea and proposed an alternative mechanism for α-MG toxicity resulting in growth arrest [56]. This explanation is based on the toxicity of α-MG phosphate, which accumulates in the cytoplasm. Nevertheless, whether growth arrest is caused by α-MG toxicity and/or competition with glucose, ppGpp accumulation due to α-MG

is dependent on SpoT, because it occurs in both wild-type and relA mutants [44]. Furthermore, ppGpp accumulation following phosphate exhaustion with selected ECOR strains resulted in similar differences to the ones observed for α-MG treatment (results not shown). As described for the spoT + and spoT variants of E. coli K12 [21], the nature of the spoT click here allele present in E. coli simultaneously influences the level of σS, stress resistance and nutritional capabilities of E. coli. The environmental influence on ppGpp regulation is affected by the same dichotomy already observed and discussed for RpoS [11], namely the fluctuating needs selleck of the cell in response to nutrient limitation and stress resistance. Indeed, the variation

in spoT resembles the polymorphisms in rpoS, which are, if anything, even more extensive [26, 39]. These new results suggest that one or more of the genes involved in ppGpp synthesis and degradation is subject to the same kind of selective pressures as is rpoS. In this respect, spoT and rpoS are both involved in SPANC balancing within a bacterium in response to changes in the immediate environment and hunger for nutrients. Conclusions Two of the cellular components that control the allocation of transcriptional resources are strain-specific, since ppGpp and σS levels are potentially non-uniform in E. coli under identical growth conditions. A significant complication in the systems biology of E. coli is that even the regulatory relationship between ppGpp and RpoS is non-uniform across the species. The data from K-12 studies suggests ppGpp should stimulate RpoS synthesis, but the level of RpoS is not equally stimulated by high ppGpp in all ECOR isolates. As shown in Figure 5, there appear to be three groups of strains based on ppGpp/RpoS relationships, and in only one of these there is a discernible proportionality

between ppGpp and RpoS concentrations. So not only is there likely to be variation in individual components, but also variation in the interaction of components of global networks. The new Dolutegravir results suggest that the genes involved in ppGpp synthesis and degradation are also subject to the same kind of selective pressures as is rpoS. This has major consequences for the universality of the pattern of expression of hundreds of genes controlled directly or indirectly (by competition) at the level of RNA polymerase. The species-wide variation in the cellular concentration of two global directors of gene expression has significant implications for systems biology, because these regulators control many metabolic genes as well as gene expression networks [5, 14].

These results suggested that 4D10 is similar to 2H2, which has be

These results suggested that 4D10 is similar to 2H2, which has been proved to be a

DENV cross-reacting prM mAb [40]. We concluded that 4D10 is a DENV serocomplex cross-reactive prM mAb that does not cross-react with other flaviviruses. Figure 1 Characterization of prM mAb 4D10. (A, B and C) Cross-reactivity of 4D10 with four DENV serotypes and JEV (negative Wnt drug control antigen for the specificity of the antibody 4D10) determined by ELISA (A), western blot (B) and IFA (C). These results showed that only DENV1-4 infected C6/36 cells could be detected with 4D10 and 2H2 (positive control antibody) but not JEV infected cells. Normal mouse serum (NMS) had no such reactivity with all flaviviruses. (D) Competitive inhibition of DENV2 patient sera binding to DENV2 by mAb 4D10. Competitive ELISA was performed using 4D10 as competitor

of DENV2 patient sera. The percentage of inhibition is also shown. Data are expressed as means of at least three independent experiments. The error bars represent standard deviations (SD). If there is no error bar, it is not that no variations among three independent experiments but that the variations are too small to show in the figure. * P < 0.05 vs 4D10. To confirm further the specificity reactivity of 4D10, an antibody see more competitive- inhibition assay was carried out to determine whether the 4D10 competed with DENV2 patient sera for reactivity with DENV2. The reaction activity of DENV2 patient sera with DENV2 was inhibited

markedly by 4D10 with the inhibition percentage from 33% to 61% (Figure 1D). Screening of phage-displayed peptide library with anti-DENV prM mAb 4D10 To select the immunopositive phage clones, anti-DENV1-4 prM mAb (4D10) was purified from the ascites using the protein A affinity column. The bound phage clones were selected after four biopanning rounds. Fifty-five of 62 selected phage clones had significant enhancement of reactivity to mAb 4D10 but not to normal mouse serum (NMS) (Figure 2). Inserted nucleotides of the selected positive phage clones were sequenced and translated to peptide sequences (Table 1). Through alignment of phage-displayed Acetophenone peptide sequences using DNASTAR software, the binding motif of antibody 4D10 was shown to be VS/GKTE (Table 1). We next compared the binding motif with the primary amino acid sequence of the prM protein of DENV1-4, YFV, WNV, JEV and TBEV and found that the epitope for antibody 4D10 corresponded only to amino acid residues 14 to18 of DENV1-4 prM protein but not to other flaviviruses (Table 2). Notably, the epitope for antibody 4D10 is only conserved among four DENV serotypes. Figure 2 Selection for specific phage clones bound to mAb 4D10. (A) Twenty-seven phage clones reacted strongly with 4D10. (B) Twenty-eight phage clones reacted strongly with 4D10.After the fourth round of biopanning, 55 phage clones from 62 selected phage clones showed significant reactivity to mAb 4D10 but not to normal mouse serum (NMS).

CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have n

CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions AP was the primary author and carried out data collection, analysis of blood samples, and statistical analysis. JG and AT helped collect data. AB assisted with statistical analysis. JL and MB assisted with analysis of POMS and

SST data. MG and RK assisted with manuscript preparation. buy Lumacaftor MB, JO, SS, and CR assisted with analysis of blood samples. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Carbohydrate ingestion prior to exercise has been shown to affect metabolic responses and performance [1]. It is suggested that carbohydrate feeding prior to exercise provides additional supplies for oxidation, results in increased muscle glucose uptake and reduced liver glucose output during exercise [2] and the enhanced blood glucose availability may preserve muscle glycogen stores [3]. β-endorphin is one of the peptides that has been suggested to

play a role in glucose metabolism at rest [4, 5] and during exercise [6–9]. β-endorphin is an opioid peptide representing the C-terminal 31 amino acid residue fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin. Data indicates that stress is a potent inducer of β-endorphin release and it is well known that exercise of sufficient intensity and duration elevates its circulating concentrations [10–13]. The fact that both central and peripheral β-endorphin levels appear to change under hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic conditions suggests that endorphins are implicated in the regulation MG-132 price of glucose homeostasis [4, 13]. Specifically, β-endorphin infusion attenuated glucose decline during prolonged exercise [6, 7, 9, 14, 15], a result that was accompanied

by marked changes in glucoregulatory hormones such as insulin and glucagon whereas opiate blockade produced opposite results [6, 14, 15]. Thus, there is enough data to support that β-endorphin could be affected by differences in blood glucose availability as the ones produced by the consumption of different O-methylated flavonoid glycemic index (GI) foods. Glycemic index ranks foods according to their effect on blood glucose levels compared to a reference food [16]. There are several studies that examined the effects of foods of various GI values prior to exercise with inconsistent results being reported in regards to performance [17–20] and carbohydrate utilization during exercise [17, 19]. Exercise performance has been positively affected by low glycemic index (LGI) food [17] and remained unaffected by high glycemic index (HGI) food [18, 19]. Even though there is inconsistency regarding the benefits of the ingestion of foods of varying GI on exercise performance, several findings indicate that ingestion of LGI foods may be more suitable over HGI consumption prior to prolonged exercise because they enhance carbohydrate availability during exercise [21, 22].

J Mol Biol 1998, 284:241–254 PubMedCrossRef 61 Hynes AP, Mercer

J Mol Biol 1998, 284:241–254.PubMedCrossRef 61. Hynes AP, Mercer RG, Watton DE,

Buckley CB, Lang AS: DNA packaging bias and differential expression of gene transfer agent genes within a population during production and release of the Rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent, RcGTA. Mol Microbiol 2012, 85:314–325.PubMedCrossRef 62. Pasternak C, Chen W, Heck C, Klug G: Cloning, nucleotide sequence and characterization of the rpoD gene encoding the primary sigma factor of Rhodobacter capsulatus . Gene 1996, 176:177–184.PubMedCrossRef 63. Francez-Charlot A, Frunzke J, Reichen C, Ebneter JZ, Gourion B, Vorholt JA: Sigma factor mimicry involved in regulation of general stress response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:3467–3472.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 64. Kozak NA, Mattoo S, Foreman-Wykert AK, Whitelegge JP, Miller JF: AZD0530 nmr Interactions between partner switcher BMS-777607 mouse orthologs BtrW and BtrV regulate type III secretion in Bordetella . J Bacteriol 2005, 187:5665–5676.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 65. Eymann C, Becher D, Bernhardt J, Gronau K, Klutzny A, Hecker M: Dynamics of protein phosphorylation on Ser/Thr/Tyr in Bacillus subtilis . Proteomics 2007, 7:3509–3526.PubMedCrossRef

66. Alvarez-Martinez CE, Lourenço RF, Baldini RL, Laub MT, Gomes SL: The ECF sigma factor σ T is involved in osmotic and oxidative stress responses in Caulobacter crescentus . Mol Microbiol 2007, 66:1240–1255.PubMedCrossRef 67. Bastiat B, Sauviac L, Bruand C: Dual control of Sinorhizobium meliloti RpoE2 sigma factor activity by two PhyR-type two-component response regulators. J Bacteriol 2010, 192:2255–2265.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 68. Gourion B, Francez-Charlot A, Vorholt JA: PhyR is involved in the general stress response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. J Bacteriol 2008, 190:1027–1035.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Depsipeptide 69. Gourion B, Sulser S, Frunzke J, Francez-Charlot A, Stiefel P, Pessi G, Vorholt JA, Fischer H-M: The PhyR-σ EcfG signalling cascade is involved in stress response and symbiotic efficiency in Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Mol Microbiol 2009, 73:291–305.PubMedCrossRef

70. Sauviac L, Philippe H, Phok K, Bruand C: An extracytoplasmic function sigma factor acts as a general stress response regulator in Sinorhizobium meliloti . J Bacteriol 2007, 189:4204–4216.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 71. Emetz D, Klug G: Cloning and characterization of the rpoH gene of Rhodobacter capsulatus . Mol Gen Genet 1998, 260:212–217.PubMedCrossRef 72. Anthony JR, Green HA, Donohue TJ: Purification of Rhodobacter sphaeroides RNA polymerase and its sigma factors. Methods Enzymol 2003, 370:54–65.PubMedCrossRef 73. Newman JD, Falkowski MJ, Schilke BA, Anthony LC, Donohue TJ: The Rhodobacter sphaeroides ECF sigma factor, σ E , and the target promoters cycA P3 and rpoE P1. J Mol Biol 1999, 294:307–320.PubMedCrossRef 74. Hofmann N, Wurm R, Wagner R: The E.

The contradictory results may be due to the differences in the ba

The contradictory results may be due to the differences in the bacterial species or strains and the antibiotics used in studies, which is evident

from our results (Table 2). It should also be noted that DSF-family signals were shown to play dual roles in regulation of biofilm formation as they positively control the biofilm development in some bacterial species, and they could also disperse the biofilms of other bacterial species [15, 19, 21, 37]. Our results suggest that DSF and related molecules may influence the bacterial antibiotic www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html susceptibility by multiple ways, including modulation of the biofilm formation, antibiotic resistant activity and bacterial persistence (Figure 4; Additional file 1: Table S1). In addition, we also examined the possibility selleck products of DSF and related molecules acting as biosurfactants to influence bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics by using rhamnolipid, which is a well characterized biosurfactants, as a control in MIC and growth analysis. We found

that rhamnolipid could also increase the antibiotic susceptibility of B. cereus at the final concentration of 50 μM (data not shown), but it also inhibits bacterial growth at this concentration and its toxicity on B. cereus cells was at least 5-fold higher than DSF (Additional file 1: Figure S3), which complicates the comparison. With all considered, at this stage we could not rule out the possibility that DSF and related molecules may have biosurfactant property and this property may contribute to their synergistic effects with antibiotics. Furthermore, several lines of evidence from this study and previous reports seem to suggest that Phloretin the signalling activity of DSF and its structurally related molecules may contribute to their ability in changing bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. Firstly, it was reported that BDSF signalling system positively controls the antibiotic

resistance in B. cenocepacia, and addition of 50 μM DSF signal increased the antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa to polymyxins [21, 23], indicating that DSF-family signals are possibly widely involved in regulation of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Secondly, different from rhamnolipid which has a strong hydrophilic head group glycosyl, DSF and related molecules only have a very weak hydrophilic activity, suggesting that they could not be good surfactants. This notion appears to be supported by the different inhibitory activity of DSF and rhamnolipid on the growth of B. cereus (Additional file 1: Figure S3). Thirdly, our findings showed that addition of 50 μM DSF signal showed no cytotoxicity to HeLa cells, didn’t affect the B. cereus virulence (Figure 3), but could significantly change the expression patterns of many genes in B. cereus, some of which are known to be associate with antibiotics resistance or tolerance (Additional file 1: Table S1). Fourthly, the synergistic activity of DSF is antibiotic specific.

RNA helicase relative expression during antigenic variation Antig

RNA helicase relative expression during antigenic variation Antigenic variation was induced on a unique VSP-expressing Giardia clone. The primers selleck kinase inhibitor used for these determinations were the same as those used for the study of the encystation process. We also designed two additional pairs of primers to determine the relative expression of Giardia Dicer and Argonaute (Ago) transcripts. The relative expression from the thirty one Giardia putative RNA helicases was divided into

earlier (30 min – 1 h) and later (3 – 4 h) up-regulated or down-regulated transcripts. Eight putative RNA helicases were up-regulated after antigenic variation induction, three of them earlier and five later. On the other hand, eight putative RNA helicases were down-regulated, five Lumacaftor manufacturer after early induction and three later (Figure 6). Figure 6 Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) of RNA helicases from G. lamblia during antigenic variation. The relative expressions were calculated after induction of antigenic variation for 30 min – 1 hour

(empty fill pattern) and for 3 to 4 hours (line fill pattern). The relative expression from different helicases was divided into up-regulated (upper panel) and down-regulated (lower panel). Green bars represent significant up-regulation and red bars represent significant down-regulation, gray bars represent no change in the relative expression. A. Helicases up-regulated during the first 30 min to 1 h. B. Helicases up-regulated at 3 to 4 h. C. Helicases down-regulated during the first 30 min to 1 h. D. Helicases down-regulated at 3 to 4 h. Center inset: relative expression for Giardia Dicer and Argonaute at earlier

or later time points. The ORFs are indicated at the bottom of the graph. The graphs this website represent the mean of three different measures and the respective standard deviation. A more detailed analysis of the relative expression of the eight putative RNA helicases that were up-regulated after antigenic variation induction showed a slight induction ranging from 1,189 to 1,729 times. In addition, two transcripts from the early up-regulation maintain induction after 3-4 hours. The eight down-regulated putative RNA helicases presented strong down-regulation earlier and significant down-regulation later during antigenic variation. Two of the five early down-regulated RNA helicases maintained low levels of expression after 3-4 h, while one of them was up regulated later. The three transcripts that were down-regulated later presented no significant variations at 30 min-1 h (Figure 6). The relative expression of gDicer presented an early up-regulation that is maintained at later times, while Giardia Ago presented a later up-regulation after 3-4 post induction of antigenic variation (Figure 6, inset).

All stages of the parasite were observed at lower concentrations

All stages of the parasite were observed at lower concentrations (2 and 8 μM) at various levels, but only trophozoites were observed at higher concentrations (32 and 128 μM) (Figure  2). Figure 2 Effect of TTM on growth of synchronized P. falciparum parasites. Synchronized parasites at the ring stage were cultured in GFSRPMI for 28 h in the presence of graded concentrations of TTM. Each developmental BMS-777607 supplier stage was counted after Giemsa staining. Levels of parasitemia were 5.33 ± 0.15 (0 μM TTM), 4.93 ± 0.12 (2 μM), 3.75 ± 0.24 (8 μM), 3.69 ± 0.26 (32 μM), and 3.23 ± 0.26 (128 μM). The morphology of the trophozoites observed in the presence of higher concentrations of TTM and the schizonts

in the absence of TTM is shown above graph. To determine the location of target copper-binding proteins that are involved in the growth arrest of selleck chemical the parasite, and to study the role of TTM in the interaction between parasites and RBCs, an approach was applied in which PfRBCs and RBCs were treated separately and then mixed. PfRBCs at higher than 5% parasitemia were treated with TTM for 0.5 h and 2.5 h at room temperature. After washing, PfRBCs and uninfected RBCs were mixed at ratios of more than 1:10, and cultured in GFSRPMI for 95 h (two cycles). P. falciparum that had been pretreated with TTM showed profound growth arrest, even after a short period of treatment such as 0.5 h (Figure  3a). The inhibition

was dose dependent. However, treatment of uninfected RBCs caused growth arrest to a lesser extent,

and only at higher heptaminol concentrations of TTM (80 μM and 320 μM) and with longer periods of treatment (2.5 h) (Figure  3b). Similar results were shown with cultures in CDRPMI. These results implied that, although TTM affects copper-binding proteins in RBCs, the target molecule(s) for TTM that are involved in the growth arrest of the parasite may occur predominantly in P. falciparum. Furthermore, TTM may react irreversibly with the copper-binding proteins of the parasite, or the parasites may take up TTM that remains even after washing, from RBCs. Figure 3 Growth of P. falciparum co-cultured with PfRBCs and RBCs that were pretreated separately with TTM. Synchronized PfRBCs at the ring stage and RBCs were treated with graded concentrations of TTM for 0.5 h or 2.5 h at room temperature. After washing, both treated PfRBCs and RBCs were mixed (pretreated PfRBCs plus non-treated RBCs (a) or non-treated PfRBCs plus pretreated RBCs (b)) at a ratio of more than 10 times RBCs to PfRBCs and cultured in GFSRPMI for 95 h; (*) indicates a significant difference versus no treatment with TTM (0). Effect of copper chelators on growth of P. falciparum The effect of copper ions on the growth of P. falciparum was examined by adding copper chelators to the CDRPMI culture. The chelators employed included two intracellular chelators, Neocuproine and Cuprizone, and one extracellular chelator, BCS.

Mol Microbiol 2004, 52: 1389–1401 PubMedCrossRef 31 Tait K, Will

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