Women who had never used EC and who had more than one episode of unprotected sex within the past month were less likely to request EC when use was indicated, learn more while single women were more likely to request EC.\n\nConclusions: Counseling regarding EC options is particularly important for women seeking same-day pregnancy testing who do not desire pregnancy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Prediction

of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is difficult, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. However, many drugs causing DILI are considered to form reactive metabolites and covalently bind to cellular macromolecules in the liver. The objective of this study was to clarify whether the risk of idiosyncratic DILI can be estimated by comparing in vitro covalent binding (CB) levels among 12 positive compounds (acetaminophen, alpidem, bromfenac, carbamazepine, diclofenac, flutamide, imipramine, nefazodone, tacrine, ticlopidine, tienilic acid, and troglitazone) for DILI and 12 negative compounds (acetylsalicylic

acid, caffeine, dexamethasone, losartan, ibuprofen, paroxetine, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, sertraline, theophylline, venlafaxine, and zolpidem). After incubation with human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, there was a large overlap in the distribution of CB amounts between the positive and negative groups. On addition of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) as a cofactor for glucuronidation, the CB levels of bromfenac and diclofenac were increased. With addition of nucleophilic glutathione (GSH), values for most compounds were decreased. However, separation A-1155463 concentration of the two groups on the basis of CB could not be improved by UDPGA or GSH. Furthermore, CB with human hepatocytes also failed to discriminate positive from negative compounds. Therefore, the CB amount alone is not sufficient for risk assessment of DILI. In contrast, when the CB amount Selleck AR-13324 was multiplied by the maximum daily dose, which

may reflect maximum hepatic exposure, the two groups did become discriminated. Taken together, our findings suggest that the combination of CB amount and daily dose can estimate the risk of idiosyncratic DILI.”
“Various conjugates of anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) covalently bound by the hydrolytically degradable hydrazone bond to the drug carrier based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers were synthesised. Structure of the conjugates differed in the type and the content of hydrophobic substituent (dodecyl, oleic acid and cholesterol moieties) introduced into the polymer structure. In aqueous solutions the conjugates self-assembled into high-molecular-weight suprantolecular structures, such as polymeric micelles or stable hydrophilic nanoparticles 13-37 nm in diameter, depending on the type and the content of hydrophobic substituents. Treatment of mice bearing EL-4 T cell lymphoma with the conjugates in the therapeutic regime of drug administration (i.v.

It is suggested that virus infection represent an important source of variance in regeneration. The analysis of variance revealed the highest effect of genotypes on the regenerative capacity of the grapevine meristems (75,8 %).”
“This article reports on the optical properties of 0.5% mol of Sm3+, Dy3+ ion-doped B2O3-TeO2-Li2O-AlF3 (LiAlFBT) glasses. The glass samples were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra.

Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to analyze the optical absorption spectra and calculate the intensity parameters and radiative properties of the emission transitions. The emission spectra of Sm3+ and Dy3+:LiAlFBT glasses showed check details a bright reddish-orange emission at 598nm (4G5/26H7/2) and an intense yellow emission at 574nm (4F9/26H13/2), respectively. Full width at half maximum (FWHM), stimulated emission cross section, gain bandwidth and optical gain values were also calculated to extend the applications of the Sm3+ and Dy3+:LiAlFBT glasses. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Over

the recent years, the national databases of STR profiles have grown in size due to the success of forensic DNA analysis in solving crimes. The accumulation of DNA profiles implies that the probability Ro-3306 of a random match or near match of two randomly selected DNA profiles in the database increases.\n\nWe analysed 53,295 STR profiles from individuals investigated in relation to crime case investigations at the Department

of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Incomplete STR profiles (437 circa 0.8% of the total), 48 redundant STR profiles from monozygotic twins (0.09%), 6 redundant STR profiles of unknown cause and 1283 STR profiles from repeated testing of individuals were removed leaving 51,517 complete 10 locus STR profiles for VX-809 clinical trial analysis. The number corresponds to approximately 1% of the Danish population. We compared all STR profiles to each other, i.e. 1.3 x 10(9) comparisons.\n\nWith these large number of comparisons, it is likely to observe DNA profiles that coincide on many loci, which has concerned some commentators and raised questions about “overstating” the power of DNA evidence. We used the method of Weir [11,12] and Curran et al. [3] to compare the observed and expected number of matches and near matches in the data set. We extended the methods by computing the covariance matrix of the summary statistic and used it for the estimation of the identical-by-descent parameter, theta. The analysis demonstrated a number of close relatives in the Danish data set and substructure. The main contribution to the substructure comes from close relatives. An overall u-value of 1% compensated for the observed substructure, when close familial relationships were accounted for. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

These results suggest that BcMF11, as a non-coding RNA, plays an essential role in pollen development and male fertility.”
“OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of renal ultrasonography

(USG) in predicting vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with mild renal scarring determined by dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy performed after attack of urinary tract infections (UTI).\n\nMETHODS Dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), and renal USG findings were evaluated retrospectively in children with UTI. Each kidney was evaluated as a separate renal unit (RU). RUs with severe scarring were excluded from the study. RUs having Adriamycin mild scarring with and without abnormal USG findings (group 1 and group 2, respectively) were compared in terms of the presence of

VUR.\n\nRESULTS There were a total of 228 patients (70 men, mean age 47.06 +/- 44.14 months) and 456 RUs. Of the 185 RUs with mild scarring, 55 had abnormal USG findings (group 1), whereas 130 had normal USG findings (group 2). The rates of VUR and severe VUR (>= grade 4) were higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (69% vs 43%, P = .001 and 35% vs 7% respectively, P <.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and odds ratio of USG findings DMXAA research buy in predicting VUR in RU with mild scarring were 68%, 80%, 38%, 93%, and 8.2, respectively.\n\nCONCLUSION Normal renal USG findings exclude a diagnosis of high- grade VUR to a large extend in children with UTI and mild renal scarring. Refraining from invasive VCUG might be a reasonable approach in these patients provided that no other predisposing factors for UTI and/or renal scarring present. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc.”
“This article provides an overview of the current knowledge relating to the potential use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs)

acting as immunosuppressants after liver transplantation. Clinical use of BM-MSCs in liver transplantation remains experimental, as there is uncertainty as to their mechanism of action, conflicting studies in animal models, and the possibility MDV3100 cell line of their cellular fusion with hepatocytes leading to potentially genetically unstable hepatocytes. These obstacles, to their underuse, have been decreasing, and BM-MSCs have elicited great interest for possible use in solid organ transplantation. Bone marrow-derived-MSCs, when transplanted systemically, might positively influence grafted organ outcome through cell-cell contact or the secretion of soluble factors that are immunomodulatory. Thus, the use of BM-MSCs to modulate organ rejection may directly or indirectly influence the survival properties of transplanted livers. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Familiarity with the normal anatomy of the calcaneus,

the classification of calcaneal fractures, and the various complications of these fractures is essential for treatment assessment, especially if surgical intervention is required. (C)RSNA, 2011 . radiographics.rsna.org”
“In this article, the authors review developments in technology that can help patients, their loved ones, and healthcare providers engage in more effective advance care planning (ACP). The article begins with Cl-amidine manufacturer a brief description of ACP and its purpose and then discusses various electronically available resources for ACP in the U.S. Finally the authors provide a critical assessment of the achievements, challenges, and future prospects for electronic advance care planning, or “e-planning.” Cite this article: Green, M. J., & Levi, B. H. (2012, DECEMBER). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html The era of “e”: The use of new technologies in advance care planning. Nursing Outlook, 60(6), 376-383. http://dx.doi.org.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/10.1016/j.outlook.2012.08.005.”
“Background The main goal of treatment in early-onset scoliosis is to obtain and maintain curve correction while simultaneously preserving spinal, trunk, and lung growth. This study

introduces a new surgical strategy, called the modified growing rod technique, which allows spinal growth and lung development while controlling the main deformity with apical and intermediate anchors without fusion. The use of intraoperative traction at the initial procedure enables spontaneous correction of the deformity and decreases the need for forceful correction maneuvers on the immature spine and prevents possible implant failures. This study seeks to evaluate (1) curve correction; (2) spinal length; (3) number Crenigacestat cell line of procedures performed; and

(4) complications with the new approach. Description of Technique In the initial procedure, polyaxial pedicle screws were placed with a muscle-sparing technique. Rods were placed in situ after achieving correction with intraoperative skull-femoral traction. The most proximal and most distal screws were fixed and the rest of the screws were left with nonlocked set screws to allow vertical growth. The lengthening reoperations were performed every 6 months. Methods Between 2007 and 2011, we treated 19 patients surgically for early-onset scoliosis. Of those, 16 (29%) were treated with the modified growing rod technique by the senior author (AH); an additional three patients were treated using another technique that was being studied at the time by one of the coauthors (CO); those three were not included in this study. The 16 children included nine girls and seven boys (median, 5.5 years of age; range, 4-9 years), and all had progressive scoliosis (median, 64 degrees; range, 38 degrees-92 degrees). All were available for followup at a minimum of 2 years (median, 4.5 years; range, 2-6 years).

8+/-6.8 y. Thirty-day, 6-month, 1-year, ACY-738 and overall mortality was 3.5%, 5.8%, 7.0%, and 12.8%, respectively. Ninety-two percent of patients initially presented with aortic root, ascending aortic or arch lesions, whereas 8% presented with descending aortic or thoraco-abdominal lesions. Primary

presentation was acute aortic dissection (AAD) in 36% (77% type A, 23% type B) and aneurismal disease in 64%. Secondary complete arch replacement had to be performed in only 6% of patients without AAD, but in 36% with AAD (P=0.0005). In patients without AAD, 11% required surgery on primarily nontreated aortic segments (5 of 6 patients experienced type B dissection during follow-up), whereas in patients after AAD, 48% underwent surgery of initially nontreated aortic segments (42% of patients with type A and 86% of those with type B dissection; P=0.0002).\n\nConclusions-The need for surgery in primarily nontreated aortic segments is precipitated by an initial presentation with AAD. Early elective surgery is associated with

low mortality and reintervention rates. Type B dissection in patients with Marfan syndrome is associated with a high need for extensive aortic repair, even if the dissection is being considered uncomplicated by conventional criteria. (Circulation. 2013; 127: 1569-1575.)”
“The cellular check details uptake mechanism and intracellular distribution of emissive lanthanide helicates have been elucidated by time-resolved luminescence microscopy (TRLM). The helicates are non-cytotoxic and taken up by normal (HaCat) and cancer (HeLa, MCF-7) cells by endocytosis and show a late endosomal-lysosomal cellular distribution. The lysosomes predominantly localize around the nucleus and co-localize with the endoplasmatic reticulum. The egress is slow and limited, around 30% after 24 h. The first bright luminescent images can be observed with an external concentration gradient of 5 mu M of the Eu(III) helicate [Q = 0.21, tau = 2.43 ms], compared to > 10 mM when using conventional

luminescence microscopy. Furthermore, multiplex labeling could be achieved with the Tb(III) [Q = 0.11, tau = 0.65 ms], and Sm(III) [Q = 0.0038, tau = 0.030 ms] analogues.”
“Background: BV-6 inhibitor The eyes and skin are obvious retinoid target organs. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness and retinoids are widely used to treat acne and psoriasis. However, more than 90% of total body retinol is stored in liver stellate cells. In addition, hepatocytes produce the largest amount of retinol binding protein and cellular retinoic acid binding protein to mobilize retinol from the hepatic storage pool and deliver retinol to its receptors, respectively. Furthermore, hepatocytes express the highest amount of retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRa) among all the cell types. Surprisingly, the function of endogenous retinoids in the liver has received very little attention.

Reperfusion of an ischemic heart maybe harmful, but it is an essential process for myocardial survival. One of the major adverse consequences of reperfusion is the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF). In the present study, we investigated the possible connection between autophagy and VF. Isolated mouse hearts

Selleckchem Screening Library were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and divided into two groups based on the development of VF at the beginning of reperfusion. Western blot analysis was conducted for autophagy-associated proteins LC3B, ATG-5, ATG-7, ATG-12, Bcl-2 and Beclin-1 proteins. Significantly higher level of Beclin-1 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio (both definitive autophagy biomarkers) was observed in the fibrillated myocardium, versus tissue from the nonfibrillated hearts. Interestingly, although Bcl-2 is a major regulator of Beclin-1, level of this protein was not significantly altered in tissue from fibrillated, versus non-fibrillated hearts. Moreover, Atg7 expression showed a trend, albeit nonsignificant, towards elevation GSK461364 chemical structure in fibrillated versus non-fibrillated hearts. Results of the

present investigation demonstrate a possible link between VF and autophagy. Studies by authors of this report to evaluate potential etiologic relationships between the two processes are ongoing.”
“A new class of photonucleases, 1-aryl/heteroaryl-4-substituted-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines (4) was synthesized in a facile and efficient manner via copper(II) chloride mediated oxidative intramolecular cyclization of 2-(arylidenehydrazino)-3-substituted-quinoxalines (3). DNA cleavage potency of compounds 4a-d (40 mu g each) was quantitatively evaluated on supercoiled plasmid Phi X174 under UV irradiation (312 nm, 15 W) without any additive. Compound 4c was found to be the most efficient DNA photocleaver which had converted supercoiled

JNK inhibitor libraries DNA (form I) into the relaxed DNA (form II) at 30 jig and the DNA photocleavage activity increases with increase in concentration of 4c. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Raltegravir (RAL) constitutes the first available integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) available in clinical practice. Three independent pathways have been described to confer resistance to RAL. Secondary mutations with little effect on INSTI susceptibility and additional substitutions with an uncertain role have also been described especially in HIV-1 non-B variants. Methods: We evaluated the prevalence of primary, secondary, and additional resistance mutations to INSTIs in patients naive to RAL or elvitegravir (EGV) carrying different HIV-1 variants. Results: A total of 83 patients infected by B HIV-1 subtype (64%) or non-B HIV-1 variants (36%) were evaluated. No primary mutations to RAL or EGV were found in the integrase sequences analyzed. Secondary mutations were detected in only 5 patients.

(C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The formerly monotypic New Zealand leiodid genus Chelagyrtodes

Szymczakowski (type species Chelagyrtodes crowsoni Szymczakowski) is revised to include five new species from the South Tariquidar Island: C. newtoni n. sp., C. rotundus n. sp., C. haasti n. sp., C. glacicola n. sp., and C. davidi n. sp. Four of these new species lack the unusual tibial dimorphism previously used to diagnose this genus, but can be recognized by the presence of a subapical spine cluster on the interior face of the mandible, procoxal cavities with an anterior carina or bead, and a series of minute, setiferous punctures along the lateral margins of the hypomeron. A key and phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphology is provided for the six species of Chelagyrtodes. Natural history and distribution of Chelagyrtodes are discussed in the context of phylogenetic data.”
“New oral anticoagulants do represent a major step forward as compared to low molecular weight heparins and vitamin K antagonists. Several issues deserve attention regarding their perioperative management. Three (and very soon four or five) active molecules

are available on the market, adding to the major intra- and inter-individual variability, to the high number of drug-drug interactions, and to the interferences, of renal function and many other parameters. New tests are available including the diluted thrombin time for dabigatran and a specific anti-Xa test for rivaroxaban and apixaban. No antidote is approved yet. Scheduled ICG-001 research buy surgery: the safest suggestion is to mimic the perioperative management of vitamin K antagonist, with a 5-day interruption and low molecular weight heparin bridging whenever necessary.”
“Anterior shoulder dislocation is the most common joint dislocation

seen in the emergency department. Although emergency medicine providers use several techniques for reduction, each method is associated with potential discomfort for the patient. In addition, pain from the dislocated shoulder causes muscle spasm that impedes reduction. Therefore, both analgesia and procedural sedation are often used to reduce pain and Kinase Inhibitor Library enable reduction. Intra-articular injection of lidocaine has demonstrated efficacy in reduction of pain and facilitation of shoulder reduction compared with analgesia and sedation. Intra-articular lidocaine may also reduce time to successful reduction of shoulder dislocations.”
“Introduction: Male accessory gland infection (MAGI) exerts a negative influence on male fertility which depends upon its extension. Indeed, we have shown that patients with MAGI involving prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis have worse sperm parameters compared with patients with prostatitis alone or prostate-vesiculitis. Similarly, MAGI extending bilaterally is associated with a worse sperm output.

“
“CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is expressed by both neutrophils and platelets. Lack of functional CFTR could lead to severe lung infection and inflammation. Here, we found that mutation of CFTR (F508del) or inhibition of CFTR in mice led to more severe thrombocytopenia, alveolar neutrocytosis and bacteriosis, and lower lipoxin A4/MIP-2 (macrophage inhibitory protein-2) or lipoxin A4/neutrophil ratios in the BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) during acute E. coli pneumonia. In vitro, inhibition of CFTR promotes MIP-2 production in LPS-stimulated neutrophils;

however, lipoxin A4 could dose-dependently suppress this effect. In LPS-induced BX-795 purchase acute lung inflammation, blockade of PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) or P-selectin, antagonism of PAF by WEB2086, or correction of mutated CFTR trafficking by KM11060 could significantly increase plasma lipoxin A4 levels in F508del relevant to wildtype mice. Concurrently, F508del mice had higher plasma platelet activating factor (PAF) levels and PAF-AH activity compared to

wildtype under LPS challenge. Inhibiting selleck chemicals hydrolysis of PAF by a specific PAF-AH (PAF-acetylhydrolase) inhibitor, MAFP, could worsen LPS-induced lung inflammation in F508del mice compared to vehicle treated F508del group. Particularly, depletion of platelets in F508del mice could significantly decrease plasma lipoxin A4 and PAF-AH activity and deteriorate LPS-induced lung inflammation compared to control F508del mice. Taken together, lipoxin A4 and PAF are involved in E. coli or LPS-induced lung inflammation see more in CFTR-deficient mice, suggesting that lipoxin A4 and PAF might be therapeutic targets for ameliorating CFTR-deficiency deteriorated lung inflammation.”
“Objective. To assess the tendon and joint involvement

at wrists and ankles of patients suffering from diffuse SSc and to identify the morphological substrate of tendon friction rubs (TFRs).\n\nMethods. Fifteen consecutive patients suffering from diffuse SSc were included. All patients had two musculoskeletal US (MSUS) examinations of the wrists and ankles. MRI was performed at the most affected joints as detected by MSUS and in all sites in which TFRs were present.\n\nResults. No clinically overt arthritis or tenosynovitis was detected in the wrists and/or ankles prior to MSUS. Synovitis, tenosynovitis and tendon tear were identified in 8, 4 and 2 of 15 patients, respectively, by both MSUS and MRI. At entry, 5 patients had palpable TFRs (4 bilateral and 1 unilateral) and 10 patients did not. Tenosynovitis was more frequently found in ankles with TFRs (3/9) than in those without TFRs (3/21), although the difference was not statistically different (P = 0.3).

TMS-mov-maps were related to the individual voluntary motor output (Vol-mov, directional thumb acceleration). Conventional TMS-motor evoked potentials (TMS-MEP) were simultaneously recorded from the prime movers (flexor and extensor pollicis brevis) and also compared to the voluntary motor output. Remarkably stable topographic maps were generated with both, thumb flexion and extension being multiply represented, click here overlapped and interspersed. Thumb Flexion was usually

more robust than extension. TMS-mov-maps rather than TMS-MEP-maps seemed to better reflect the individual voluntary motor output. The findings emphasize existing models of multiple, overlapping finger movement representations in human M1,

and indicate that this model also adapts to antagonistic thumb movements. The results suggest that investigating topographic movement maps may be an interesting adjunct in studying human motor cortical topography and its relevance for motor control.”
“Neuropathic pain still present a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge despite considerable progress in understanding of its mechanisms and publication of number of studies Ilomastat supplier which assessed the efficacy and safety of drugs used in the symptomatic treatment. In practice, it is diagnosed less frequently than recognised in the epidemiological studies, and many patients do not achieve satisfactory outcomes of treatment. A multidisciplinary team of Polish experts, commissioned by the Polish Association for the Study of Pain and the Polish Neurological Society, has reviewed the literature on neuropathic pain, with special focus on the published international recommendatidns, and formulated recommendations on neuropathic pain diagnosis and treatment, in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine. Ispinesib ic50 The paper presents

also background information on the neuropathic pain definition, epidemiology, pathomechanism and method of assessment. The diagnosis of neuropathic pain may be established based on medical history and physical examination including special assessment of the somatosensory system.. First-line drugs used in pharmacological management of neuropathic pain are: tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin, pregabalin, opioids and lidocaine patches. (C) 2014 Polish Neurological Society. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.”
“The mid-Cretaceous vertebrate assemblage from south-eastern Morocco is one of the most diversified continental vertebrate assemblages of this time worldwide. The bony fish component (coelacanths, lungfishes and ray-finned fishes) is represented by relatively complete specimens and, mostly, by fragmentary elements scattered along 250 kilometres of outcrops.

(Am J Pathol 2012, 181:804-817; http://proxy.ashland.edu:2100/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.010)”
“Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 is a key player in early brain development, hence, its availability (i.e.,

synthesis and release) affects neuronogenesis. TGF beta 1 moves proliferating cells out of the cell cycle and promotes their subsequent migration. The present study tested the hypothesis that neural progenitors self-regulate TGF beta 1. B104 neuroblastoma cells which can grow in the absence of serum or growth factors were used https://www.selleckchem.com/screening/apoptosis-library.html in systematic studies of transcription, translation, release, and activation. These studies relied on quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time polymerase chain reactions. TGF beta 1 positively upregulated its own intracellular expression and promoted increased release of TGF beta 1 from cells. The induction of TGF beta 1 was independent of a change in transcription,

but it depended on cycloheximide-inhibited translation. Signaling mediated by downstream Smad2/3 through the TGF beta receptors and intracellular protein transport were also required for release of TGF beta 1 from B104 cells. Thus, TGF beta SCH 900776 in vivo 1 production and release were mediated through a feed-forward mechanism and were pivotally regulated at the level of translation. These activities appear to be key for the role of TGF beta 1 in the proliferation and migration of young neurons. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Viral infections are known to have a detrimental effect on grapevine yield and performance, but there is still a lack of knowledge about their effect on the quality and safety of end products.\n\nVines of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo clone 308, affected simultaneously by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine virus A (GVA), and Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV), were subjected to integrated analyses of agronomical performance, grape berry characteristics, instrumental texture profile, and proteome profiling.\n\nThe comparison of performance and grape quality of healthy and infected

RSL3 cost vines cultivated in a commercial vineyard revealed similar shoot fertility, number of clusters, total yield, with significant differences in titratable acidity, and resveratrol content. Also some texture parameters such as cohesiveness and resilience were altered in berries of infected plants. The proteomic analysis of skin and pulp visualized about 400 spots. The ANOVA analysis on 2D gels revealed significant differences among healthy and virus-infected grape berries for 12 pulp spots and 7 skin spots. Virus infection mainly influenced proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress in the berry skin, and proteins involved in cell structure ;metabolism in the pulp. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.