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“Purpose: The lipid lowering agent simvastatin has potent anti-oxidation capacity. We elucidated the potential of simvastatin to attenuate testicular injury induced by testicular torsion-detorsion. We also investigated simvastatin effects on nuclear factor-kappa B expression.
Materials and Methods: We allocated
60 adult male Sprague-Dawley (R) rats to testicular torsion-detorsion, torsion-detorsion plus simvastatin (1 or 5 mg/kg), sham operation or sham operation plus selleck products simvastatin (5 mg/kg). There were 12 rats per group. Simvastatin was administered immediately after detorsion or immediately after sham operation. Testes were harvested 30 minutes and 24 hours after detorsion to facilitate the evaluation of nuclear factor-kappa B and testicular injury, respectively.
Results: Histological findings revealed severe injury in testes of the torsion-detorsion and torsion-detorsion-simvastatin
(1 mg/kg) groups while testes in the torsion-detorsion-simvastatin (5 mg/kg) group showed moderate injury. Myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokines, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in testes in the torsion-detorsion-simvastatin (5 mg/kg) group were significantly lower than in the torsion-detorsion group. Values were comparable in the torsion-detorsion-simvastatin (1 mg/kg) and torsion-detorsion groups. Testicular concentrations of nuclear factor-kappa B in nuclear extracts and phosphorylated inhibitor-kappa B in cytosolic extracts in the torsion-detorsion-simvastatin (5 mg/kg) group were significantly lower than in the torsion-detorsion group. Values were comparable in the torsion-detorsion-simvastatin click here (1 mg/kg) and torsion-detorsion groups.
Conclusions: Simvastatin protected testes from torsion-detorsion injury in a dose dependent manner. Mechanisms may involve attenuating nuclear factor-kappa B activation and decreasing oxidative stress
induced by torsion-detorsion.”
“Western music has two classifications that are highly familiar to all Western listeners: the dichotomy between the major and minor modalities and consonance vs. dissonance. We aimed at determining whether these classifications already see more take place at the level of the elicitation of the change-related mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related potential (ERP). To this end, we constructed an oddball-paradigm with root minor, dissonant and inverted major chords in a context of root major chords. These stimuli were composed so that the standard and deviant chords did not include a physically deviant frequency which could cause the MMN. The standard chords were transposed into 12 different keys (=pitch levels) and delivered to the participants while they were watching a silent movie (ignore condition) or detecting softer target sounds (detection condition). In the ignore condition, the MMN was significant for all but inverted major chords.