Children treated by CHWs were enrolled on the day of seeking treatment from CHWs (609 intervention, 667 control) and demographic, illness, and treatment seeking information was collected. Further information on illness and treatment outcomes was collected on day four. The primary outcome was prompt and appropriate antibiotics Belnacasan for pneumonia

symptoms and the secondary outcome was treatment outcomes on day four.\n\nResults: Children in the intervention areas were more likely to receive prompt and appropriate antibiotics for pneumonia symptoms compared to children in the control areas (RR = 3.51, 95%CI = 1.75-7.03). Children in the intervention areas were also less likely to have temperature >= 37.5 degrees C on day four (RR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.11-0.78). The decrease in fast breathing between day one and four was greater in the intervention (9.2%) compared to the control areas (4.2%, p-value = 0.01).\n\nConclusions: Integrated community management of malaria and pneumonia increases prompt and appropriate treatment for pneumonia symptoms and improves treatment outcomes.”
“Objective: To compare estimates of the prevalence of meat-juice-based antibodies to Salmonella in swine originating from low-volume production systems (marketing <= 8000 pigs per year)

during 2002 and 2004.\n\nMaterials and methods: Results of selleck chemicals llc testing meat-juice samples by a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were available for 2002 and 2004 for swine marketed by 502 low-volume swine-production systems through eight commercial Iowa abattoirs with high throughput (> 1000 head per hour).\n\nResults: In 2002, 934

of 14,401 samples (6.5%), and in 2004, 1639 of 13,718 samples (11.9%) were seropositive for Salmonella (ELISA sample-to-positive ratio >= 0.4). Average Salmonella seroprevalence in 2002 was 6.8%, median prevalence was 0.8%, and within-producer prevalence range was 0% to 59.2%. In 2004, average seroprevalence was 11.8%, median prevalence was 5.2%, and range was 0% to 81.8%. In 47% of low-volume production systems classified according to the Danish Salmonella classification system, classification did not change Etomoxir purchase from 2002 to 2004. However, 53% of systems did change classification, with most moving to classifications representing higher observed seroprevalence.\n\nImplications: Population Salmonella seroprevalence is not stable within defined and matched swine-production cohorts over time. Within-herd Salmonella seroprevalence is not stable in smaller production herds over time. These variations should be considered when making inferences about the risk of Salmonella in individual sites or swine-producing regions and for intervention programs that measure success by monitoring Salmonella seroprevalence at the production-system level.