84% ± 0.32%), significantly lower than that in the control group (17.71% ± 0.78%) (P < 0.05), and the time required for BTS formation in the ATRA group was (10.07 ± 1.03)d, significantly longer than that in the control group (4.08 ± 0.35)d (P < 0.05). The BTSs obtained from differentiated BTSCs were CD133 positive (Fig. 7), indicating that stem cell phenotype was restored again. Accordingly, the differentiated BTSCs induced by ATRA did not accomplish terminal differentiation and lose the proliferation capability.

ATRA can induce the differentiated BTSCs into Ipatasertib in vivo more mature ones, but the induction is not thorough and complete, and terminal differentiation cannot be achieved. Figure 7 Immunofluorescence staining of BTS generated from differentiated Quizartinib supplier BTSCs for CD133(Cy3, × 400). 7A: DAPI. 7B:CD133. 7C:Merge. It showed the BTS obtained from differentiated BTSCs were CD133 positive. Discussions Ever since Singh et al discovered BTSCs for the first time in 2003[2], many scholars have confirmed that BTSCs exist in the brain tumor tissue and its cell lines, and possess the potential of self-renewal, unlimited proliferation, multilineage parent differentiation and high tumorigenicity[3–6]. In 2004, Galli

et al and Singh et al proposed a new tumorigenesis model, believing that BTSCs were the initiating cells of tumor formation[4, 5]. These BTSCs proliferated and differentiated following the same symmetric and asymmetric division rule as neural stem cells,

namely, RVX-208 accomplishing self-renewal and proliferation by symmetric division, and producing relatively mature progeny cells by asymmetric division which can be differentiated into more mature tumor cells. Induction of differentiation of glioma cells into benign ones has been one of the research focuses of glioma therapy in recent years. The application of differentiation inducers can increase the differentiation of the tumor cells and inhibit proliferation. ATRA, as a classic differentiation inducer, has achieved a very good curative effect in clinical treatment of hematological neoplasms and phosphatase inhibitor lymphoma. In vitro study has indicated that ATRA can induce the differentiation and apoptosis of a variety of glioma cells[7]. Many researches have confirmed that BTSCs are able to self renew and proliferate continuously when cultured in serum-free medium containing growth factor, retaining the inherent feature of stem cells, but differentiate into tumor cells with the shape and molecular phenotype resembling the parental tumor under serum-containing conditions[2–6]. This study has used BTSCs as the therapeutic target to investigate the effect of ATRA on the proliferation and differentiation of BTSCs both in the serum-free and serum-containing mediums. BTSCs with a high purity must be obtained first in order to do research on BTSCs.