9%, the method of anaesthesia did not affect stroke rate. It was higher in patients with contratateral occlusion (4.6% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.002). Standard CEA without patch had a higher stroke rate than when a patch was used (2.3 vs. 1.7%, p = 0.015). Female patients >75 years had a higher stroke rate than younger women (2.0% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.078); this difference was not observed in
men.
Conclusions: Although there are limitations E7080 nmr with registry data, the large number of cases involved provides useful information on outcomes, supplementing data from the randomised clinical trials (RCTs). (C) 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background An allele score is a single variable summarizing
multiple genetic variants associated with a risk factor. It is calculated as the total number of risk factor-increasing alleles for an PND-1186 chemical structure individual (unweighted score), or the sum of weights for each allele corresponding to estimated genetic effect sizes (weighted score). An allele score can be used in a Mendelian randomization analysis to estimate the causal effect of the risk factor on an outcome.
Methods Data were simulated to investigate the use of allele scores in Mendelian randomization where conventional instrumental variable techniques using multiple genetic variants demonstrate ‘weak instrument’ bias.
The robustness of estimates using the allele score to misspecification (for example non-linearity, effect modification) and to violations of the instrumental variable assumptions was assessed.
Results Causal estimates using a correctly specified allele score were unbiased with appropriate coverage levels. The estimates were generally robust to misspecification of the allele score, but not to instrumental variable find more violations, even if the majority of variants in the allele score were valid instruments. Using a weighted rather than an unweighted allele score increased power, but the increase was small when genetic variants had similar effect sizes. Naive use of the data under analysis to choose which variants to include in an allele score, or for deriving weights, resulted in substantial biases.
Conclusions Allele scores enable valid causal estimates with large numbers of genetic variants. The stringency of criteria for genetic variants in Mendelian randomization should be maintained for all variants in an allele score.”
“Purpose of review
Procedural sedation has become the standard of care for managing pain and anxiety in children in the emergency department.
Recent findings
Numerous articles have been published on pediatric procedural sedation with, however, little in-depth discussion of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the sedation agents utilized.