BDNF levels were not altered by chronic nicotine treatment, but they were significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after 24 h and 29 days of nicotine abstinence and in the ventral tegmental area (VIA) and substantia nigra after 29 days of nicotine abstinence. These findings suggest that nicotine abstinence promotes long-lasting neuroadaptations in dopaminergic neurocircuits by inducing BDNF production. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine treatment oppositely affected pCREB levels in the NAc and in the VTA. Thus, in the NAc, the pCREB levels were

significantly elevated and in the VTA significantly decreased find more as compared with the pCREB levels during the nicotine

treatment. These alterations could be compensatory and related to increased dopaminergic signalling during nicotine treatment. In conclusion, the current results suggest the involvement of BDNF- and CREB-related neuronal processes in nicotine-induced neurochemical, behavioural, and neuroplastic changes in dopaminergic neurocircuits. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Half of all lower limb deep vein thromboses (DVT) are distal DVT that are equally distributed between muscular calf vein thromboses (MCVT) and deep calf vein thromboses (DCVT). Despite their high prevalence, MCVT and DCVT have never been compared so far, which prevents possible modulation of distal DVT management according SP600125 ic50 to the kind of distal DVT (MCVT or DCVT).

Methods: Using data from the French, multicenter, prospective observational OPTimisation de l’Interrogatoire dans l’evaluation du risque throMbo-Embolique Veineux (OPTIMEV) study, we compared the clinical Vinorelbine Tartrate presentation and risk factors of 268 symptomatic isolated DCVT and 457 symptomatic isolated MCVT and the 3-month outcomes of the 222 DCVT and 390 MCVT that were followed-up.

Results: During the entire follow-up, 86.5% of DCVT patients and 76.7% of MCVT patients were treated with anticoagulant drugs (P = .003).

MCVT was significantly more associated with localized pain than DCVT (30.4% vs 22.4%, P = .02) and less associated with swelling (47.9% vs 62.7%, P < .001). MCVT and DCVT patients exhibited the same risk factors profile, except that recent surgery was slightly more associated with DCVT (odds ratio, 1.70%; confidence interval, 1.06-2.75), and had equivalent comorbidities as evaluated by the Charlson index. At 3 months, no statistically significant difference was noted between MCVT and DCVT in death (3.8% vs 4.1%), venous thromboembolism recurrence (1.5% vs 1.4%), and major bleeding (0% vs 0.5%).

Conclusion: Isolated symptomatic MCVT and DCVT exhibit different clinical symptoms at presentation but affect the same patient population.