(C) 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research”
“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform

an important ecosystem service by improving Selleckchem GANT61 plant nutrient capture from soil, yet little is known about how AMF influence soil microbial communities during nutrient uptake. We tested whether an AMF modifies the soil microbial community and nitrogen cycling during litter decomposition. A two-chamber microcosm system was employed to create a root-free soil environment to control AMF access to 13C- and 15N-labelled root litter. Using a 16S rRNA gene microarray, we documented that approximately 10% of the bacterial community responded to the AMF, Glomus hoi. Taxa from the Firmicutes responded positively Selleck JIB-04 to AMF, while taxa from the Actinobacteria and Comamonadaceae responded negatively to AMF. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that AMF may influence bacterial community assembly processes.

Using nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) we visualized the location of AMF-transported 13C and 15N in plant roots. Bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry revealed that the AMF exported 4.9% of the litter 15N to the host plant (Plantago lanceolataL.), and litter-derived 15N was preferentially exported relative to litter-derived 13C. Our results suggest that the AMF primarily took up N in the inorganic form, and N export is one mechanism by which AMF could modify the soil microbial community and decomposition processes.”
“Objectives: To report our complication rates during extracorporeal septoplasty (ECS) and to describe a new fixation and splinting technique we developed to simplify stable midline fixation of the neocaudal septum. selleck screening library Correction of the caudally deviated septum remains one of the more difficult surgical goals in functional nasal surgery.\n\nMethods: A retrospective

medical record review of patients undergoing ECS at our institution. We report our complications and describe a new technique for ECS.\n\nResults: Forty-six patients underwent ECS from June 1, 2007, through April 30, 2010. Twenty-six of these patients underwent primary surgical repair, whereas 20 presented for revision surgery from outside facilities. Ten revision cases required an ear cartilage graft, and 5 required a rib graft. The overall complication rate was 9% (4 patients), with 4% (2 patients) each for minor and major complications.\n\nConclusions: Complication rates of ECS are similar to those of endonasal septoplasty. Stable midline fixation of a reconstructed neocaudal septum is possible with a new technique that relies on novel splinting instead of suture fixation to the midline of the nasal spine.”
“Promoting remineralization to repair eroded enamel is a promising therapy in clinics.