Here we summarize recent studies elucidating the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SREBP-1c through nutrition and the action of hormones, particularly insulin, and the resulting implications for dyslipidemia of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.”
“Rationale N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have an CUDC-907 important role in different forms of behavioral and neural plasticity. Evidence suggests that these receptors may also
be involved in plasticity arising from long-term treatment with different drugs of abuse, including tolerance, sensitization, and physical dependence. There is abundant evidence demonstrating that NMDA receptors are involved in tolerance to opiate-induced antinociception; however, the role of these receptors in sensitization to the locomotor effects of opiates is more controversial.
Objective The ability of NMDA receptor antagonists to modify the development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of three different opiates was examined.
In selected studies, the ability of the antagonists to modify tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of the opiates was also examined.
Materials and methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801, memantine or LY235959) on tolerance and sensitization to three opiates: morphine, methadone, or buprenorphine. It was predicted that low, selective doses of the antagonists ARN-509 chemical structure would inhibit the
development of opiate tolerance to and sensitization.
Results Consistent with our predictions, the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and memantine and the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 inhibited the development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of morphine. Additionally, MK-801 inhibited the development of tolerance and sensitization to methadone and buprenorphine in a similar manner.
Conclusions The results, together with previous research, suggest that NMDA receptors are broadly involved in opiate-induced plasticity, including the development of opiate tolerance and sensitization.”
“Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical gas that has been shown to be produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in different cell types and recognized to act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the nervous system. NOS isoforms are expressed and/or can be induced in the related structures of trigeminal nerve system, in which the regulation of NOS biosynthesis at different levels of gene expression may allow for a fine control of NO production. Several lines of evidence suggest that NO may play a role through multiple mechanisms in orofacial pain processing. This report will review the latest evidence for the role of NO involved in orofacial pain and the potential cellular mechanisms are also discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.