Narrative reviews summarize comprehensive areas with a diversity of research designs using the reviewer��s own experience, along with existing theories and models (Collins & Fauser, 2005). Where they were www.selleckchem.com/products/Dasatinib.html available, we summarized the findings of the most recently available reviews and supplemented these with the findings of recently published high quality studies. Articles were identified using electronic searches of databases such as MEDLINE and Web of Science, as well as relevant ��gray literature,�� including unpublished research commissioned by governments and information related to the FCTC Article 11. Additional searches using reference lists of key articles, including recently published reviews, were also conducted. The current review was limited to articles that were available for review prior to July 2011.

RESULTS Article 11 Health Warning Labels Existing evidence on health warnings. To date, more than 40 countries have implemented pictorial warnings on cigarette packages (Hammond, 2011). Large health warnings on the ��front�� and ��back�� of tobacco packages are a prominent source of health information (Hammond et al., 2006). Findings from a wide range of countries indicate that considerable proportions of smokers and nonsmokers report awareness and knowledge of package health warnings (Brown, Diener, Ahmed, & Hammond, 2005; Environics Research Group, 2005; European Commission, 2009; Shanahan & Elliott, 2009). However, the effectiveness of health warnings depends upon their size and position. Larger warnings are more noticeable and perceived as more effective (Hammond, 2011).

Larger warnings also allow for more content, including additional text, larger images, and cessation information such as telephone quitline numbers. Cigarette warning labels can have a significant impact on smokers�� understanding of the risks of tobacco use. Research has shown that large text-based warnings��such as the warning implemented in European Drug_discovery Union (EU) member states in 2003��increase perceptions of risk among both smokers and nonsmokers, and many smokers report being motivated to quit as a result of large text warnings (Borland & Hill, 1997; Borland, Yong et al., 2009; Fong et al., 2008; Hammond et al., 2006; Portillo & Anto?anzas, 2002; Tandemar Research Inc., 1996). Pictorial health warnings are more effective than text-only warnings. Experimental research on cigarette pack warnings indicates that pictorial warnings are more likely to be rated as effective, both as a deterrent for new smokers and a means to increase cessation among current smokers (O��Hegarty et al., 2006).