“
“Objective: Hip labrum pathology has only begun to emerge as a significant source of groin pain in the last decade since the development of hip arthroscopy. Few data are available on the anatomy, histology and function of this structure. Moreover, no metabolic data exist at cellular level. The aim of this study was to characterize extracellular matrix (ECM) genes and pro-inflammatory mediators expressed by these cells.
Methods:
Isolated human acetabular labrum cells were cultured in alginate beads for 10 days and additionally stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1 for 24 h. Gene expression levels selleck chemicals and secretion of different ECM genes, enzymes and cytokines were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the metabolic characteristics of labrum cells. Articular chondrocytes and meniscus cells served as controls.
Results: Labrum cells expressed high levels of COL1A1 and low levels of COL2A1, aggrecan and SOX-9 compared to chondrocytes. However, COL2A1 was more expressed by labrum cells than by meniscus cells. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1/-2/-9.
ADAMTS-4 and IL-6 was significantly higher in labrum cells than in chondrocytes. IL-1 suppressed the ECM gene expression levels of labrum cells, but increased the expression levels and release check details of MMP-1/-3/-9/-13 and ADAMTS-4 and IL-6 by these cells. Remarkably, MMP-9 was only significantly upregulated in acetabular labrum cells.
Conclusions: The findings in this study demonstrated that the acetabular labrum is populated with unique highly active fibrochondrocyte-like cells. These cells are capable of expressing and releasing proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines and react to a pro-inflammatory stimulus. In this way, they contribute obviously to disturbed tissue function in hip labrum pathology.
(C) 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“3,4-Diiodo-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole reacted with thioacetamide in polar solvents or under solvent-free conditions to give 2,4,6-trimethyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazole. The major product in the reaction of the title compound with thiobenzamide click here was 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole.”
“Objectives: To report on the clinical evolution of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) treated with etanercept who subsequently developed Crohn’s disease, to review the literature for similar cases, and to discuss possible mechanisms responsible for these observations.
Methods: We describe the medical history, diagnostic tests, and disease progression of a 26-year-old man with AS who developed the clinical manifestations of Crohn’s disease after 16 months of successful treatment of his rheumatologic symptoms with etanercept.