“
“Purpose of review
Organ transplantation is the state-of-the-art treatment for end-stage organ failure; however, long-term selleck chemicals graft survival is still unsatisfactory. Despite improved immunosuppressive drug therapy, patients are faced with substantial side effects and the risk of chronic rejection with subsequent graft loss. The transplantation of donor bone marrow for the induction of mixed chimerism has been recognized to induce donor-specific tolerance a long time ago, but safety concerns regarding toxicities of current bone marrow transplantation (BMT) protocols
impede widespread application.
Recent findings
Recent studies in nonhuman primates and kidney transplant patients have demonstrated successful induction of allograft tolerance even though – in contrast to murine models
– only transient Akt inhibitor chimerism was achieved. Progress toward the development of nontoxic murine BMT protocols revealed that Treg therapy is a potent therapeutic adjunct eliminating the need for cytotoxic recipient conditioning. Furthermore, new insight into the mechanisms underlying tolerization of CD4 and CD8 T cells in mixed chimeras has been gained and has identified possible difficulties impeding clinical translation.
Summary
This review will address the recent advances in murine models as well as findings from the first clinical trials for the induction of tolerance through mixed chimerism. Both the potential for more widespread clinical application and the remaining hurdles and challenges of this tolerance approach will be discussed.”
“Background: Although plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain, little has been reported on the incidence rates of
this disorder. We sought to determine the incidence rate and demographic risk factors of plantar fasciitis in an ethnically diverse and physically active population of United States military service members.
Methods: A query was performed with use of the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code for plantar fasciitis (728.71). Multivariate Poisson regression Y-27632 inhibitor analysis was used to estimate the rate of plantar fasciitis per 1000 person-years, while controlling for sex, race, rank, service, and age.
Results: The overall unadjusted incidence rate of plantar fasciitis was 10.5 per 1000 person-years. Compared with men, women had a significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio for plantar fasciitis of 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.94 to 1.99). The adjusted incidence rate ratio for black service members compared with white service members was 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.12). With junior officers as the referent category, junior enlisted, senior enlisted, and senior officer rank groups had a significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio for plantar fasciitis: 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 1.