Since diabetes mellitus risk is also increased in the normal population, it is unknown if this situation is significant selleck chem inhibitor in patients with OSAS and simple snoring. In a review by Aloia et al. in 2004, sleep disturbances and hypoxemia were reported to have an effect on mood; however, they suggested that daytime drowsiness instead of hypoxemia occurring at night predicted the severity of depression and anxiety seen in patients with OSAS [19]. In this present study, 10% (13 patients) of the cases had neuropsychiatric diseases and the incidence of neuropsychiatric diseases was higher in patients with daytime drowsiness.Although cigarette smoking is known to increase the upper airway resistance by producing inflammation, edema and mucus secretion, the association between cigarette smoking and OSAS is not clear [15].
The lower mean age of the patients with cigarette smoking suggests that cigarette smoking results in an earlier onset age of OSAS, thus contributing indirectly to the morbidity of OSAS. 5. ConclusionFrequency of the comorbidities seen in patients with OSAS and simple snoring mostly increased with age as expected. BMI, daytime drowsiness, and septum deviation were found to be higher in cases with chronic diseases compared to cases without a chronic disease. The association of BMI and presence of chronic disease suggests that weight loss may decrease comorbidities in patients with OSAS and simple snoring. The incidence of cardiovascular, endocrine, and neuropsychiatric diseases increases with advanced age as expected. Obesity and cardiovascular disease were found to be associated in patients with OSAS.
On the other hand, neuropsychiatric diseases were associated with daytime drowsiness. The coexistence of daytime drowsiness with neuropsychiatric diseases suggests that neurological and psychosocial improvement might be achieved in these patients with the treatment of OSAS. According to our findings the low mean age of cases with cigarette smoking suggests that cigarette smoking lowers the age of peak incidence of OSAS and thus it was suggested to contribute to the OSAS-associated comorbidities.AcknowledgmentThe authors thank Chiesi Pharma for their contribution.
Amplified growth of mold in water-damaged, damp indoor environments contributes greatly to ill health effects and is extensively documented in the literature [4, 6�C10].
Mold and mycotoxins are probably the best understood contaminants of water-damaged buildings and will be discussed throughout this paper. Exposure to water-damaged indoor environments has been shown to result in exposure to amplified growth of mold and mycotoxins including ochratoxin (OTA), aflatoxin, and trichothecene mycotoxins, all of which have been found in indoor environments [11�C14] and in the bodies of those exposed Entinostat to these environments [15�C18].