The use of pre-clinical tools for product assessment or fundamental, mechanistic research is generating much scientific interest while gaining additional regulatory importance (Hartung and Daston, 2009). The use of in vitro disease models offers valuable mechanistic insights into disease development and progression and provides efficient platforms for product screening. There are a wealth of choices when considering the implementation of in vitro models of disease as part of a pre-clinical assessment

framework, and such models can not only support an assessment framework for modified tobacco products but also for other consumer goods such as cosmetics and putative drug candidates (e.g. Bauch et Carfilzomib purchase al., 2011). With in vitro models, total body or systemic influences, such as the extracellular milieu, are removed. The in vitro model, by design, sets aside the tissue of interest from the rest of the body. For this reason, the in vitro test system as it relates to and responds compared to in vivo

tissues must be fully considered. For example, an in vitro protocol may successfully identify whether a test agent is an irritant or a cellular toxicant, but because the assays are performed in comparative isolation, an in vitro model does not necessarily predict risk. However, less complex systems can provide advantages including providing the ability to manipulate and reproduce disease mechanisms using advanced molecular biological techniques selleck kinase inhibitor to further understand disease pathology. Furthermore, if in vivo work is required to validate findings from an in vitro model, data from the in vitro studies may help to refine

the experimental design and as such assist in the reduction in animal usage. Since the publication of the National Research Council’s “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” (National Research Council, 2007) there have been many advances in in vitro toxicity and disease testing for human health assessment. In vitro evaluation of modified biochemical Ketotifen pathways and the evaluation of dose–responses over relevant concentration ranges are key aspects of the vision. Also of importance is consideration of the origin of cells used in the development and implementation of a given model. Variation exists between the same cell type but originating from different species, and therefore the choice of cell origin is an important consideration. For example, a recent study by Nemmar et al., (2012) highlighted species differences in the effects of diesel exhaust particulate on in vitro erythrocyte lipid peroxidation as well as the activity of oxidant/antioxidant systems. Differences in oxidative stress responses have also been reported by others in endothelial cells from different species (e.g. Ram and Hiebert, 2004) and intriguingly, even the use of different media types may accentuate these differences ( Ram and Hiebert, 2001).