Therefore, taking into account the species-specific see more differences, the current findings should be further validated and cannot be fully extrapolated to humans at this point. Although we did not measure click here muscle CR content, we believe that the adopted supplementation regime has efficiently increased

intramuscular CR based on previous data from our laboratory and the results of others that have used similar protocols [17, 18]. Moreover, the rapid increase in body weight observed only in CR group suggests that creatine uptake occurred since water retention is a well documented effect of CR supplementation [4]. However, we acknowledge that the lack of muscle CR assessment could be viewed as a limitation of the present study. Still, one may argue that the lack of resting glycogen measurement after CR supplementation could be considered a factor in this study because it would preclude dissociating the effect of CR on glycogen content during exercise from that at rest. However, accumulative evidence indicates that CR supplementation, in the absence of prior exercise, does not increase muscle glycogen storage [5]. Recently, convincing findings that dietary CR supplementation does not influence resting muscle

glycogen content in recreationally active volunteers has been provided, supporting the QNZ supplier hypothesis that dietary CR-associated increases in muscle glycogen content are a result of an interaction between dietary supplementation and other mediators of muscle glucose transport, such as muscle contraction [11]. Accordingly, we also showed that CR supplementation (the same protocol used in the current study) does not increase glycogen content in sedentary almost Wistar rats [29]. Therefore, the fact that the rats were non-exercised in the present study allows assuming that the sparing effects of CR

on glycogen content occurred during exercise. Another possible debatable point is the lack of a control group receiving isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet. However, this is unlikely to play a role in the results, since several studies have shown creatine-induced glycogen accretion even when compared with a carbohydrate supplemented group [6–9]. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that rats were submitted to 12-h fasting before exercise, and muscle glycogen contents were rather lower than those reported by others [30–34]. Nonetheless, the rats were submitted to a normal light/dark cycle. Considering that rats usually feed during dark and sleep during light, the 12 h-food restriction during dark cycle prior to the exercise reflects a “”real”" fasting closer to 24 hours and not 12 hours. For this reason, we can assume that the longer than usual fasting period in this study can partially explain the low muscle glycogen observed. Thus, the current findings cannot be extrapolated to a “”glycogen loaded”" condition (i.e.