They must be obtained from experiments – the instructions for undertaking these titrations are given in Appendix A. Seawater samples

were taken from the River Thames and Brighton Marina. The 100 ml samples of river/seawater were acidified with 4 ml of 1 mol/l nitric acid (HNO3) resulting in pH = 3.27 for Thames water and pH = 3.45 for Brighton Marina. For low dilution factors, the dependence of pH Omipalisib nmr on dilution is similar for both samples (see Fig. 5a and b) because the molarity of the acid is much stronger than the alkalinity; in this instance the initial pH increase is largely due to dilution with the pH recovering by slightly more than 1 unit when D=10D=10. From Ganetespib price these curves we can determine the total dilution required to bring the discharge to a pH = 6.5. In this example, Brighton seawater has an alkalinity of 770 μmol/l and River Thames

water has an alkalinity of 480 μmol/l. The former is typical for the low alkalinity waters in the Baltic seas (see Fig. 2b). These titration experiments were done over a period of 15 min, with less than a minute for each step; much faster than a number of published studies (Behrends et al., 2005). This is to mimic more closely the processes that occur within the jet – the travel time of the acidic jet fluid from the nozzle to a distance of 4 m is typically <10 s. We examine the engineering constraints on DjetDjet and chemistry constraints on DTDT to achieve the necessary pH recovery. The design of the port discharge hole may be optimised to ensure pH = 6.5 at 4 m, for a single circular discharge port. An example discharge of pH = 3.5 is used, which was obtained from mixing seawater and a monoprotic acid with molarity 0.0385 mol/l. Extension to other values of discharge pH and

seawaters is straightforward. To enable large volumes to be discharged multiple ports may be required and the number can be estimated to be equation(23) N=QsDT24πu0α2×2.From (11), the jet nozzle radius that ensures a dilution DTDT, is equation(24) b0=2αxDT.Fig. 6 shows how the number and size of the discharge ports is selected. We consider the examples of 5, 10 and 15 MW ships (where Qs=45t/hr per MW of power) which are 4��8C in waters with a low alkalinity of 1500 μmol l−1. This alkalinity is typical for the main shipping routes in the Baltic Sea (Fig. 2b). The alkalinity determines the total dilution required which is DT=19.25DT=19.25 (obtained from Fig. 6a from the solid red line) and this sizes the discharge port radius which is 0.033 m from (24). We have chosen u0=2m/s which is a conservative estimate of the discharge speed. The number of ports is shown in Fig. 6c. The result is that for the 5, 10 and 15 MW ships 9, 18 and 27 outlet nozzles are required. Fig.