Within the OPN(-/-) mice, infiltrating macrophages were not activated and showed impaired phagocytosis. Reduced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and matrix metalloproteinases

was found in acute colitis of OPN(-/-) mice. This was associated with decreased blood levels of IL-22, a Th17 cytokine that may mediate epithelial regeneration. However, OPN(-/-) mice showed increased serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which could be due to systemically present lipopolysaccharide translocated to the gut. In contrast to acute colitis, during chronic DSS-colitis, which is driven by a Th1 response of the lamina propria infiltrates, OPN(-/-) mice were protected from mucosal inflammation and demonstrated lower serum levels of IL-12 than WT mice. Furthermore, selleck inhibitor neutralization of OPN in WT mice abrogated colitis. Lastly, we demonstrate that in patients with active Crohn’s disease OPN serum concentration correlated significantly with disease activity. Taken together, we postulate a dual function of OPN in intestinal inflammation: During acute inflammation OPN seems to activate innate immunity, reduces tissue damage and initiates mucosal repair whereas during chronic inflammation see more it promotes the Th1 response and strengthens inflammation.”
“ObjectiveNonsteroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have multiple established adverse effects on various organ systems. Among those associated with high mortality are gastrointestinal complications. We address the scope of the problem and the scientific basis for risk mitigation.\n\nDesignThis review covers the most successful of such

strategies published to date.\n\nResultsMitigation strategies to enable ongoing anti-inflammatory benefit are well studied, albeit imperfect.\n\nConclusionsSuch strategies may involve the check details choice of NSAID or the combined use of gastroprotective measures in association with NSAIDs.”
“We independently controlled surface topography and wettability of polystyrene (PS) films by CF4 and oxygen plasma treatments, respectively, to evaluate the adhesion and proliferation of human fetal osteoblastic (hFOB) cells on the films. Among the CF4 plasma-treated PS films with the average surface roughness ranging from 0.9 to 70 nm, the highest adhesion of hFOB cells was observed on a PS film with roughness of similar to 11 nm. When this film was additionally treated by oxygen plasma to provide a hydrophilic surface with a contact angle less than 10 degrees, the proliferation of bone-forming cell was further enhanced. Thus, the plasma-based independent modification of PS film into an optimum nanotexture for human osteoblast cells could be appplied to materials used in bone tissue engineering. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Emotional tears, an exclusively human means of communication, are complex and rarely the subject of scientific research.