gambiae were used, except for a lower annealing temperature (52°C instead of 58°C). For OXR1, a strong peak was obtained using the same primers as for An. gambiae, but for all other genes, several primer combinations from well conserved regions had to be designed to obtain efficient amplification that generated a single band of the expected molecular

Fludarabine cost weight. For GSTT1, in was necessary to clone a fragment of An stephensi cDNA using the following degenerate primers (5/ to 3/), Fwd: CTGGCGGAAAGT GTKGCCAT and Rev: GGCCGCAGCCASACGTACTGGAA. A 180-bp fragment was amplified, sequenced, and used to generate a primer combination that would efficiently amplify AsGSTT1. Sequences of all primer sets used for qRT-PCR analysis with An. stephensi templates are shown in Additional

File 3. Silencing efficiency in An. gambiae and An. stephensi, shown in Additional File 4, ranged from 55–98% and from 56–84%, see more respectively. Acknowledgements We thank André Laughinghouse, Kevin Lee, Tovi Lehman, and Robert Gwadz for insectary support Thiazovivin and NIAID Intramural editor Brenda Rae Marshall. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Validation of gene silencing in An. gambiae and An. stephensi. The data indicate the silencing efficiency of several genes after dsRNA injection in An. gambiae and An. stephensi, relative to a control group injected with dsLacZ. (PDF 55 KB) Additional file 2: Primers used to generate dsRNA using An. gambiae

cDNA Reverse transcriptase as template. The data indicate the sequence of the primers used to generate dsRNA using An. gambiae cDNA as template. (PDF 77 KB) Additional file 3: Primers used to determine gene expression by qRT-PCR and validate gene silencing in An. gambiae. The data indicate the sequence of the primers used for gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR to validate gene silencing in An. gambiae. (PDF 77 KB) Additional file 4: Primers used to determine gene expression by qRT-PCR and validate gene silencing in An. stephensi. The data indicate the sequence of the primers used for gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR to validate gene silencing in An. stephensi. (PDF 74 KB) References 1. Blandin S, Shiao SH, Moita LF, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Kafatos FC, Levashina EA: Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Cell 2004,116(5):661–670.CrossRefPubMed 2. Osta MA, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC: Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development. Science 2004,303(5666):2030–2032.CrossRefPubMed 3. Riehle MM, Markianos K, Niare O, Xu J, Li J, Toure AM, Podiougou B, Oduol F, Diawara S, Diallo M, et al.: Natural malaria infection in Anopheles gambiae is regulated by a single genomic control region. Science 2006,312(5773):577–579.CrossRefPubMed 4.