The results obtained here suggest that AZA and EIL are probably interfering with sterol biosynthesis in Candida spp., as previously described for C. albicans [20], P. carinii [13], T. cruzi [3], and L. amazonensis [12]. On the other hand, we cannot exclude the possibility KU-57788 in vitro that these compounds may be acting in other pathways, inducing some secondary effects that could be related to the accumulation of other lipids or, as demonstrated in Crithidia deanei, that AZA can interfere

with phospholipid biosynthesis [38]. Further studies are necessary to characterise the correlation between the depletion of ergosterol and the cell cycle in C. albicans. Conclusion The results presented herein demonstrate the potential usefulness of buy AZD9291 the 24-SMT inhibitors AZA and EIL as antifungal agents, MLN2238 research buy including azole-resistant Candida strains. The specific in vitro and in vivo antifungal and antiprotozoal activity of azasterols has been known for years, and in most cases has been linked to their specific inhibition of 24-SMT, an enzyme absent in mammals [10–14, 39]. However, other studies have found that these compounds are also active against parasitic protozoa that lack endogenous sterol biosynthesis, such as T. gondii [23, 40] and Trypanosoma brucei [41], indicating that they may have

other biochemical targets. Taken together, these results indicate azasterols as useful leads for novel antifungal agents, but optimisation of their selectivity, ADME, PK, and toxicological properties is required for their further advancement as drug candidates. Methods Microorganisms Antifungal PLEK2 assays were performed against 70 yeasts

of the genus Candida. Five standard strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Candida glabrata ATCC 2001, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803; and 65 clinical isolates: Candida albicans (21), Candida parapsilosis (19), Candida tropicalis (14), Candida guilliermondii (3), Candida glabrata (2), Candida krusei (1), Candida lusitaneae (1),Candida zeylanoides (1), Candida rugosa (1),Candida dubliniensis (1), and Candida lipolytica (1) were used. The clinical isolates came from bloodstream (35%), urine (26%), and other clinical material (39%), and were isolated from 2002 to 2006 at the Microbiology/Mycology Laboratory of Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Species identification was performed by micromorphology analysis and Vitek Systems (Biomerieux Inc., France). The isolates were maintained in Sabouraud dextrose agar plates at 4°C, and subcultures were used in each experiment.