Colicins A, D, E3, E5, E6, E8, E9, 10 and microcin B17 were not detected in either group. In addition to these, colicins E4, S4, U, 5 and microcin L were not detected in the UTI strains. Among the UTI strains, there was a marked increase in the number of strains producing Wnt pathway colicin E1 compared to controls (22.1% to 10.2%, respectively, p = 0.0008). This increased incidence of colicin E1 encoding determinants was not associated with mono-producers or with double producers. However, in triple producers

and multi-producers, this association was very strong compared to control strains (14.4% and 4.0% respectively, p = 0.0002). Microcin H47 encoding determinants

this website were found more often among UTI strains compared to Selleck LCZ696 controls (37.9% and 27.0% respectively, p = 0.02). Majority of the microcin H47 encoding strains were mono-producers with higher incidence among UTI strains compared to controls (30.8% and 20.8% respectively, p = 0.02). E. coli phylogroups and colicin production All investigated strains were phylogenetically analyzed using triplex PCR [27]. There was a marked increase of the B2 genotype in the UTI group compared to controls (59.0% and 42.1%, respectively; p < 0.0001), and a decreased incidence of the A genotype (19.4% and 31.1%, respectively; p = 0.0002). Additionally, a higher incidence of the B2 phylogroup was found in the UTI strains of male origin (74.1%, data Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase not shown) compared with UTI strains of female origin (54.4%, p = 0.001). Distribution of producer and non-producer strains among E. coli genotypes is shown in Table 3. In the E. coli phylogroup B1, the incidence of bacteriocin producing strains was significantly lower among UTI strains when compared to controls. Table 3 Incidence of bacteriocin producing and non-producing strains among UTI and control strains in E. coli phylogroups. E. coli phylogroup A   UTI (n = 128) Control (n = 70) statistical significance between UTI and control* Producers

79 (61.7%) 37 (52.9%) -** Non-producers 49 (38.3%) 33 (47.1%)   E. coli phylogroup B1   UTI (n = 25) Control (n = 11) statistical significance between UTI and control* Producers 7 (28%) 7 (63.6%) p = 0.04 Non-producers 18 (72%) 4 (36.4%)   E. coli phylogroup B2   UTI (n = 173) Control (n = 213) statistical significance between UTI and control* Producers 86 (49.7%) 110 (51.6%) -** Non-producers 87 (50.3%) 103 (48.4%)   E. coli phylogroup D   UTI (n = 85) Control (n = 67) statistical significance between UTI and control* Producers 54 (63.5%) 41 (61.2%) -** Non-producers 31 (36.5%) 26 (38.8%)   *statistical methods derived from the binomial distribution were used (see Methods, χ2 = 3.41, p = 0.