Cumulative dose-volume histograms of treatment plans in one case for PTV and medulla spinalis are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Cumulative dose-volume histograms of one case for planning target volume (PTV) (dark-blue line) and medulla spinalis (red line) in single field

plan using the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements MCC950 purchase reference point (circles), in single field plan using the International Bone Metastasis Consensus Working Party reference point (squares) and two opposed anterior-posterior field plan (triangles). Statistical analysis The mean, minimum and maximum dose levels were compared using the Paired-Samples T test for parametric data on the PTV and medulla spinalis and the Wilcoxon test for non-parametric data on the esophagus and intestines. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Values are expressed as mean (range) ± standard https://www.selleckchem.com/products/S31-201.html deviation (SD). Results

Dose ranges of the PTVs for all plans are shown in Table 1. AP-PA field plans achieved the intended dose ranges and homogeneity for PTVs, unlike the single posterior field plans. Minimum doses of both single posterior field plans were significantly lower (p < 0.001) while maximum doses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than AP-PA field plans. Minimum, maximum and mean doses were higher in IBMCrp single field plans with an increased dose heterogeneity than in ICRUrp single field plans (p < 0.001). Table 1 The mean percentages of minimum, maximum and mean planning target volume (PTV) doses ± standard deviation for all plans   Mean dose (range) % ± SD   Single field-ICRUrp Single field-IBMCrp Two opposed fields Minimums 77.3 (72–81) ± 2.6 83.7 (74–89)

± 3.3 91 (90–95) ± 1.3 Maximums 122.2 (114–130) ± 4.3 133.9 (115–147) ± 7.1 108.8 (104–110) ± 1.3 Means 99.8 (94–107) ± 2.6 108.8 (95–116) ± 3.3 99.7(97–102) ± 1.3 ICRUrp, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements reference point; IBMCrp, the International Bone Metastasis Consensus Working Party reference point; SD, standard deviation. The mean depth of the PTV from skin surface in the central plane was 9.8 (7.4–13.5) ± 1.1 cm and the mean patient thickness was 22.1 (14.4–29.1) ± 3.7 cm. Only aminophylline in two plans were the ICRUrps and IBMCrps located at the same sites, which were in the mid-vertebral body. Of 45 ICRUrps, 35 were located on the medulla spinalis behind the vertebral body and 8 were located in the posterior 1/3 of the vertebral body. None of the ICRUrps were located in the anterior half of the vertebral body or anterior to the vertebral body. The mean dose, expressed as percentages of the prescribed dose, to the portion of the esophagus in the thoracic radiotherapy fields was 78.6% (70–85%) ± 4.1% in the ICRUrp single field plans, 84.6% (74–92%) ± 5.

All pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains harbor ail, which is different from the inv sequence (which encodes a protein of similar function), and renders Y. enterocolitica capable of invading the intestinal epithelium. In addition, the Ail protein confers a serum resistance phenotype on Y. enterocolitica [5]. In contrast to inv, which exists in non-pathogenic as well as pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica, ail only exists in Y. enterocolitica strains epidemiologically

related to human disease [6], and is therefore an important virulence marker. CB-5083 molecular weight Environmental isolates not associated with disease have a non-functional inv and no ail [7]. Ferric ion uptake is essential for bacterial growth and survival. The supply of iron and production of the siderophore transport system is a central factor in infections with Yesinia pestis and Y. enterocolitica. BAY 1895344 molecular weight Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica can be divided into 2 groups, those producing the siderophore, such as biotype 1B/O:8, and those producing no siderophore, as in serotypes O:3 and O:9 [8]; the latter take up ferric ion using ectogenic siderophores, such as ferrioxamin B and ferrioxamin E [9]. The 2 groups have different

ferric ion uptake abilities, which may explain the differences in virulence among serotypes [10]. A 77 kDa receptor on the Y. enterocolitica outer membrane [11] combines with ferrioxamin to take up ferric ion rapidly [12]. This process is energy-dependent and requires the action of the TonB protein, part of a complex known as the Ton system. This complex undergoes a conformational change driven by the proton motive force (PMF), which interacts with the outer membrane receptors and activates www.selleck.co.jp/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html transport [13]. The FoxA receptor of Y. enterocolitica, the ferrochrome receptor and the TonB-dependent receptor share high amino acid homology [14, 15]. The foxA was chosen for study because it exists in all Y. enterocolitica strains. Using polymorphic gene analysis,

we show that combined detection of ail and foxA confirms the identity of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Methods Bacterial strains and identification of biotype and serotype We chose 271 pathogenic and 27 non-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from diarrhea patients, animals, food and the environment in China. They included 205 strains of serotype O:9, 72 of serotype O:3, 10 of serotype O:8, 5 of serotype O:5, 3 of serotype O:6, 30 and 3 of undetermined serotype (Table 1), together with 11 reference strains from Europe, the United States and Japan (Table 2). The serotypes, biotypes and pathogenesis of these strains were determined as previously described [16–18]. Table 1 Bio-serotypes of the 298 Y.

For n = 144, again, low temperature results in a stable three-loop structure but at a higher range than n = 72 (T = 300 K, depicted). The thermal fluctuations and longer molecular length result in less prominent peaks as the effect of the crossover of the carbon chains is decreased. At a stable temperature, the curvature is relatively constant throughout the simulation (κ ≈ 0.11 Å-1, for a radius of approximately 9.0 Å). Increasing learn more the temperature to induce unfolding again results in local increases in curvature to isolated sections of the molecule (exceeding 0.3 Å-1)

while the average curvature decreases. Again, it is stressed that the peaks depicted in Figure 7 are stochastic and should be considered as representative only. However, all unfolded systems

demonstrated significant increases in local curvature. Figure 7 Local curvature, κ ( ŝ , t ). (a) Curvature across molecule for n = 72 at a stable low temperature (50 K). The curvature across the molecule is approximately constant (with thermal fluctuations); average, approximately 0.27 Å-1. (b) At a higher temperature (T = 200 K), the structure is unstable and undergoes unfolding. Unfolding induces localized increases in curvature resulting in large peaks (к → 0.5 Å-1) for sections of the molecule length. Once sufficient unfolding occurs, the structure approaches a homogeneous, unfolded state (κ ≈ 0.12 Å-1). (c) Curvature across www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html molecule for n = 144

at a stable low temperature (300 K). Again, the curvature across the molecule is approximately constant; average, approximately 0.11 Å-1. (d) At a higher temperature (T = 725 K), the longer structure is unstable and undergoes unfolding. Again, unfolding induces localized increases in Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase curvature resulting in large peaks (к → 0.3 Å-1) for sections of the molecule length. Once sufficient unfolding occurs, the structure approaches a homogeneous, unfolded state (κ ≈ 0.06 Å-1). Critical unfolding temperatures While the specific increases in curvature are non-deterministic, a simple model can be formulated to determine the critical unfolding temperature. To theoretically explore the stability of the folded carbon (or carbyne) loops, first the stored bending strain energy, U b, in the system is defined, where [70] (3) where к denotes the initial imposed curvature of the carbyne chain of length L. During unfolding, it is assumed that there is a decrease in bending energy over portion of the length, αL, where α < 1.0, due to a decrease in curvature from к to βк, where β < 1.0. Thus, the amassed change in energy due this unfolding across the molecular length can be formulated as (4a) Comparing to Equation 3, the change in energy due to local unfolding is a fraction of the total bending energy, as must be the case. The term α(1 - β 2) < 1 by definition, where α captures the length of the chain unfolding and β is the decrease in curvature.

The efficacy of SB on HT-29 cells was in a dose- and time-dependent manner with the LD50 achieved at 550 µg/mL and 72-hour incubation. A 50% reduction in size of the excised tumors was determined in SB-treated xenografts (10 mg/kg/day)

for 21 days when compared with that of the untreated control tumors. For the hTERT mRNA expression, a 1.3-fold down-regulation was quantitated in HT-29 cells at LD50; whereas a 0.6-fold reduction was quantitated in selleck kinase inhibitor SB-treated excised tumors at Day 21. In summary, SB was effective not only to inhibit HT-29 colon cells, but also reduce the tumor size of the colon cancer xenografts. The hTERT mRNA expression was down-regulated by SB in both in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, hTERT could be an effective marker for monitoring SB treatment for colon cancer. This study is supported by the Central Research Grant of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (G-YG88). Poster No. 38 Evidence for a Role of MAGI1 in Colon Carcinoma Invasion Jelena Zaric 1 , Curzio Ruegg1,2 1 Division of Experimental Oncology, Centre Pluridisciplinaire d’Oncologie, Lausanne University Hospital,

University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland, 2 National Center for Competence in Research, Molecular Oncology, ISREC-EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common type of malignancy in the Western world. COX-2 derived PGE2 promotes CRC progression. However, increased cardiovascular risks of selective COX-2 inhibitors limit their use in chemoprevention. We have observed that Celebrex induces a scaffolding protein MAGI1 (Membrane Associated AZD0156 order Guanylate Kinase with Inverted domain structure -1) in COX-2 positive colon carcinoma-derived cell lines (e.g. SW480, HCT116, HT29). MAGI1 appears to function as scaffold that assemble multimolecular complexes at functionally relevant subcellular sites in polarized epithelial cells. When overexpressed, this inner membrane 5-FU chemical structure associated protein completely inhibited both migration and invasion of colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Moreover, MAGI1 enabled colon cancer cells

to re-establish cell-to-cell contacts leading to epithelial-like phenotype and increased adhesion on different extracellular matrix proteins. Conversely, stable MAGI1 knock-down though an shRNA approach, favored anchorage independent cell growth. One of the reported MAGI1 binding partners in cell junction complexes is beta-catenin. MAGI1 overexpression induced increased beta-catenin membrane localization while its activity as transcription factor was decreased. The opposite effects were observed in cells in which MAGI1 was knock-down. We are currently testing the effect of of MAGI1 modulation in tumour growth, local invasion and distant metastasis formation. The screening for MAGI1 expression in colon carcinoma tissue is also in progress.

We confirmed that large quantities of cytotoxic NK cells can be expanded from PBMC in the presence of K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL-15 and 4-1BBLigand from normal individuals selleck chemical and patients with various solid tumors. Ex-vivo expansion tended to alter the balance of NK cell receptor expression towards those that activate

and mediate cytotoxicity. This activity resulted in cytotoxicity against various allogeneic tumor targets and more importantly, against autologous-derived gastric tumor targets. Blocking studies identified multiple activating receptor-ligand interactions that would be predicted to mediate NK cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, these activating receptor-ligand interactions were operative in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in an allogeneic and autologous setting. Importantly, as a mean for future clinical translation, GMP compliant cytolytic NK cells could efficiently be expanded from lymphocyte-enriched cell fractions obtained

from PBMC by counter current elutriation. Our studies demonstrate that human NK cells Angiogenesis inhibitor acquire cytolytic activity against autologous gastric tumor cells after ex-vivo expansion and suggest a therapeutic potential for autologous expanded NK cells, both directly and in combination with monoclonal antibodies in future cell-based immunotherapy. Methods Cells and Cell Fractions Human blood samples were purchased (BRT Laboratories, Baltimore, MD) and whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated using density-gradient centrifugation. Using leukapheresis products Rebamipide purchased from the same source, the constitutive cell populations were fractionated

by continuous-counterflow elutriation following protocols established by the manufacturer of cell separator (Elutra, Gambro BCT). This instrument uses continuous counter-flow elutriation technology to separate cells fractions based primarily by size and secondarily by specific gravity. In brief, the leukapheresis product was loaded via an inlet pump into a constantly rotating (2400 rpm) elutriation chamber. Based on centrifuge speed and cell density, five elutriated cell fractions were collected. PBMC and various elutriated cell fractions were viably frozen in RPMI-1640 (Invitrogen Corp., Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 20% human AB serum (Gemini Bio-Products, Woodland, CA) and 10% Dimethylsulfoxide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) using an automated cell freezer (Gordinier Electronics, Roseville, MI) and stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen until used. The myeloid cell line K562, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3 and DU-145 and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 were available in our laboratory. The lung cancer cell line H358 was kindly provided by Dr. S. Ostrand-Rosenberg (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD) and the Head and Neck cancer cell line TU-167 was kindly provided by Dr. S.

Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009, in press. 39. Baldi A, Spugnini LY2874455 clinical trial EP: Thoracic hemangiopericytoma in a cat. J Sm An Pract 2006, 159: 598–600. 40. Spugnini EP, Dotsinsky I, Mudrov N, Bufalini M, Giannini G, Citro G, Feroce F, Baldi A: Adjuvant electrochemotherapy for incompletely excised anal sac carcinoma in a dog. In Vivo 2008, 22: 47–50.PubMed 41. Spugnini EP, Dotsinsky I, Mudrov N,

Citro G, Cardelli P, Caruso G, Baldi A: Electrochemotherapy-Induced radiation recall in a cat. In Vivo 2008, 22: 751–753.PubMed 42. Azria D, Magnè N, Zouhair A, Castadot P, Culine S, Ychou M, Stupp R, Van Houtte P, Dubois JB, Ozsahin M: Radiation recall: a well recognized but neglected phenomenon. Cancer Treat Rev 2005, 31: 555–570.CrossRefPubMed 43. Spugnini EP, Dotsinsky I, Mudrov N, De Luca A, Codini C, Citro G, D’ Avino A, Baldi A: Successful rescue of a apocrine gland carcinoma metastatic to the cervical lymph nodes by mitoxantrone coupled with trains of

permeabilizing electric pulses (electrochemotherapy). In Vivo 2008, 22: 51–54.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions EPS and AB equally contributed to this work, GC supervised the other contributors and critically revised the manuscript.”
“Introduction buy RAD001 Worldwide, liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women[1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), liver cancer is a major health problem and its incidence is increasing[2]. In the United States alone,

it is estimated that there will be 22,620 new cases and 18,160 deaths related to liver cancer in 2009[3]. The major risk factor for liver cancer is the presence of cirrhosis of the liver, largely due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection[4]. It is believed that the combined effects of these infections Astemizole account for well over 80% of liver cancer cases worldwide[1]. Through HBV vaccines and screening of blood and blood products for HBV and HCV, primary liver cancer is the first human cancer largely amenable to prevention[1]. With respect to treatment, the plan depends on a number of factors, including the extent of the disease, growth pattern of the tumour and hepatic functional reserve of the patient[5]. In cases of localized resectable liver tumours, standard treatment is surgical resection (partial hepatectomy) in patients without liver cirrhosis and surgical resection or liver transplantation in patients with liver cirrhosis[5].

Int J Mol Med 2002,10(5):541–545.PubMed 18. Zhang

HW, Yang Y, Zhang K, Qiang L, Yang L, Hu Y, Wang XT, You QD, Guo QL: Wogonin induced differentiation and G1 phase arrest of human U-937 leukemia cells via PKCdelta phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008,591(1–3):7–12.PubMedCrossRef 19. Ogborne RM, Rushworth SA, O’Connell MA: Epigallocatechin activates haem oxygenase-1 expression via protein kinase Cdelta and Nrf2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008,373(4):584–588.PubMedCrossRef 20. Gopalakrishna R, Jaken S: Protein kinase C signaling and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2000,28(9):1349–1361.PubMedCrossRef 21. Wu WS: The signaling mechanism of ROS in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006,25(4):695–705.PubMedCrossRef 22. Frey RS, Gao X, Javaid K, Siddiqui SS, Rahman A, Malik AB: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma signaling through protein kinase Czeta induces NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidant generation and find more NF-kappaB click here activation in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2006,281(23):16128–16138.PubMedCrossRef 23. Rahman A, Bando M, Kefer J, Anwar KN, Malik AB: Protein kinase C-activated oxidant generation in endothelial cells signals intercellular

adhesion molecule-1 gene transcription. Mol Pharmacol 1999,55(3):575–583.PubMed 24. Birbes H, Bawab SE, Obeid LM, Hannun YA: Mitochondria and ceramide: intertwined roles in regulation of apoptosis. Adv Enzyme Regul 2002, 42(113–129. 25. Gross A, McDonnell JM, Korsmeyer SJ: BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev 1999,13(15):1899–1911.PubMedCrossRef 26. Green DR, Reed JC: Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 1998,281(5381):1309–1312.PubMedCrossRef 27. Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A, Wang X: Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation

of caspase-3. Cell 1997,90(3):405–413.PubMedCrossRef 28. Chandra D, Liu JW, Tang DG: Early mitochondrial activation and cytochrome c up-regulation during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002, 52(50842–50854. 29. Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, Sasaki T, Elia AJ, Cheng HY, Staurosporine Ravagnan L, Ferri KF, Zamzami N, Wakeham A, Hakem R, Yoshida H, Kong YY, Mak TW, Zuniga-Pflucker JC, Kroemer G, Penninger JM: Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature 2001,410(6828):549–554.PubMedCrossRef 30. Otera H, Ohsakaya S, Nagaura Z, Ishihara N, Mihara K: Export of mitochondrial AIF in response to proapoptotic stimuli depends on processing at the intermembrane space. Embo J 2005,24(7):1375–1386.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JJ carried out cell viability and apoptosis assay, participated in drafted the manuscript. WS and TK carried out mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS generation, and statistical analyses. CK and YK carried out Western blot, calpain activity, and AIF nuclear translocation.

Figure 8 HRTEM of H/O x with (a) the thickest IL and (b) the thinnest IL. In (b), it is observed that HfO2 is directly contact with Si in some locations. Figure 9 C-V curves measured at various frequencies for H/O x . (a) EOT = 26 Å, having

the least D it; (b) EOT = 24 Å; (c) EOT = 23 Å; (d) EOT = 22 Å, having the highest D it. (3) where C ox is the gate oxide capacitance per unit area, C H is the measured capacitance per unit area under frequency 1 MHz, and C L is the measured capacitance per unit area under frequency 1 kHz. The cumulative data of D it at midgap (E t  = E i ) of samples H/Ox are presented in Figure 10 (SH/Ox not shown for Saracatinib price brevity). Higher D it and wider Weibull distribution for samples with thin IL are observed. Nonuniform interfacial property becomes serious when IL thickness is reduced. Figure 10 Cumulative data of D it at midgap ( E t   =  E i ) for H/O x . The wider distribution of data represents the phenomenon of nonuniformity for devices with thinner IL. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that structure with stacking dielectric layer would own the higher breakdown field from TZDB test. While higher breakdown power at the initiation of breakdown selleck chemicals and

lower resistance after breakdown are observed for stacking structure. In addition, the importance of IL is discussed in this work. Thinner IL would result in the increase of D it and the degradation of breakdown field. The explanation of the phenomenon is proposed and is confirmed by HRTEM. GBA3 Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan, Republic of China, under Contract No. NSC 102-2221-E-002-183-MY3. References 1. Kim NS, Austin T, Baauw D, Mudge T, Flautner K, Hu JS, Irwin MJ, Kandemir M, Narayanan V: Leakage current:

Moore’s law meets static power. IEEE computer 2003, 36:68–74. 2. Tang S, Wallance RM, Seabaugh A, King-Smith D: Evaluating the minimum thickness of gate oxide on silicon using first-principles method. Appl Surf Sci 1998, 135:137–142. 10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00286-4CrossRef 3. Muller DA, Sorsch T, Moccio S, Baumann FH, Evans-Lutterodt K, Timp G: The electronic structure at the atomic scale of ultrathin gate oxides. Nature 1999, 399:758–761. 10.1038/21602CrossRef 4. Timp G, Agarwal A, Baumann FH, Boone T, Buonanno M, Cirelli R, Donnelly V, Foad M, Grant D, Green M, Gossmann H, Hillenius S, Jackson J, Jacobson D, Kleiman R, Komblit A, Klemens F, Lee JT-C, Mansfield W, Moccio S, Murrell A, O’Malley M, Rosamilia J, Sapjeta J, Silverman P, Sorsch T, Tai WW, Tennant D, Vuong H, Weir B: Low leakage, ultra-thin gate oxides for extremely high performance sub-100 nm nMOSFETs. IEEE Int Electron Devices Meeting 1997, 930. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1997.650534 5. Cho MH, Ko DH, Choi YG, Lyo IW, Jeong K, Whang CN: YSi 2-x formation in the presence of interfacial SiO 2 layer. J Appl Phys 2002, 92:5555–5559. 10.1063/1.1512323CrossRef 6.

butyricum DSP1 was used. It was previously isolated from ruminal fluid and put in the collection of the Department of Biotechnology and buy Salubrinal Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland, as wall as deposited

at the Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM). Culture medium The strain was maintained in Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM, Oxoid, UK) in serum bottles at 4°C. Pre-cultures of pure culture inoculum were cultivated in Hungate test tubes in an appropriate cultivation medium (37°C, 18 h). Clostridium bacteria were cultured in a chamber for cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms (Whitley MG500, Don Whitley Scientific, Shipley, United Kingdom), without pH regulation or stirring. Fermentation medium The composition of the fermentation medium was (per liter of deionized water): 0.26 g K2HPO4; 0.02 g KH2PO4; 1.23 g (NH4)2SO4; 0.1 g MgSO4 × 7H2O; 0.01 g CaCl2 × 2H2O; 0.01 g FeCl2 × 7H2O and 2.0 g yeast extract. The fermentation medium was supplemented with crude glycerol (Wratislavia-Bio, Wroclaw, Poland) at a concentration of 70.0 ± 1.0 g/L in batch fermentation, and 50 g/L ± 1.0 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. The crude glycerol composition was (w/w) 85.6% glycerol, 6% NaCl, 11.2% moisture, and pH 6.5. The media were autoclaved (121°C, 20 min.).

Fermentation experiments The batch experiments were performed at three reactor scales, 6.6 L, 42 L (Sartorius Stedim, Germany) and 150 L (BIOFLO III, New Brunswick Sci. Edison, N.J., USA). All bioreactors were equipped with controls for temperature, pH, agitation PRN1371 in vitro speed and aeration rate. The pH was controlled at 7.0 by automatic addition of 1 M NaOH and all fermentation experiments were carried out at 37°C. In the 6.6 L and 42 L bioreactors the anaerobic conditions were sustained by continuous nitrogen sparging at a flow rate of 0.1 vvm whereas in the 150 L bioreactor the medium was sparged with N2 for 3 h before and for 1 h after inoculation.

As the fermentation process progressed, the medium was sparged Neratinib cell line with N2 for 30 min. once every 24 h. All the bioreactors were inoculated with 10% (v/v) of the pre-inoculum cultures. The fed-batch experiments were performed at two reactor scales, in 6.6 L and 150 L fermenters. The fermentation was carried out at 5% of the initial glycerol concentration. The major dimensions of the bioreactors used in this study are presented in Table 1. The following equations were used to calculate the main fermentations parameters: Table 1 Stirred-tank reactor characteristics Dimension/operating condition Scale Nominal volume, V (L) 6.6 42 150 Working volume, VL (m3) 0.005 0.030 0.120 Impeller tip speed, TS (m/s) 0.20096 0.20096 0.20096 Agitation speed, N (rmp) 60.00 36.57 26.50 Number of impeller 2 3 3 Impeller type Rushton Rushton Rushton Liquid height, HL (m) 0.25 0.46 0.72 Impeller diameter, DI (m) 0.064 0.105 0.150 Reactor diameter, DT (m) 0.16 0.29 0.45 Reactor hight, HT (m) 0.34 0.63 0.98 HT/DT 2.12 2.17 2.18 DI/DT 0.40 0.36 0.

P-1, a fungal endophyte in Huperzia serrata. Chem Nat Compd 47:541–544 Yue Q, Miller CJ, White JF, Richardson MD (2000) Isolation and characterization of fungal inhibitors from Epicloë festucae. J Agric Food Chem 48:4687–4692PubMed Yun K, Kondempudi CM, Choi HD, Kang JS, Son BW (2011) Microbial mannosidation of bioactive

GS-1101 concentration chlorogentisyl alcohol by the marine-derived fungus Chrysosporium synchronum. Chem Pharm Bull 59:499–501PubMed Zheng C-J, Shao C-L, Guo Z-Y, Chen J-F, Deng DS, Yang KL, Chen YY, Fu XM, She ZG, Lin YC, Wang CY (2012) Bioactive hydroanthraquinones and anthraquinone dimers from a soft coral-derived Alternaria sp. fungus. J Nat Prod 75:189–197PubMed Zhou H, Zhu T, Cai S, Gu Q, Li D (2011a) Drimane sesquiterpenoids from the mangrove-derived fungus Aspergillus ustus. Chem Pharm Bull 59:762–766PubMed Zhou K, Zhang X, Zhang F, Li Z (2011b) Phylogenetically diverse cultivable fungal community and polyketide synthase (PKS), LY333531 mw non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes associated

with the South China Sea sponges. Microb Ecol 62:644–654PubMed”
“Introduction Botryosphaeria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863). Saccardo (1877) emended the initial generic description and transferred the hypocreaceous species amongst them to Gibberella and Lisea. Because Cesati and De Notaris (1863) did not designate a type species, von Höhnel (1909) suggested Botryosphaeria berengeriana De Not., while Theissen and Sydow (1915) suggested B. quercuum (Schwein.) Sacc., which could be regarded as generic lectotypes. Neither proposal was accepted because these species were not included in the original description of the genus (Cesati and De Notaris 1863). Therefore, Barr (1972) proposed B. dothidea (Moug. : Fr.) Ces. & De Not, one

of the species originally included by Cesati and De Notaris (1863), as the lectotype of this genus. This proposal has generally been accepted and Slippers et al. (2004b) proposed a neotype and epitype to stabilize the type species B. dothidea and provided a modern description of this genus based on these new types. Species of Botryosphaeria are cosmopolitan in distribution and occur on a wide range of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and gymnosperm hosts; on woody branches, herbaceous Sodium butyrate leaves, stems and culms of grasses; and on twigs and in the thalli of lichens (Barr 1987; Denman et al. 2000; Mohali et al. 2007; Lazzizera et al. 2008a; Marincowitz et al. 2008. Taxa range in habit from saprobic to parasitic or endophytic (Smith et al. 1996; Denman et al. 2000; Phillips et al. 2006; Slippers and Wingfield 2007; Huang et al. 2008; Pérez et al. 2010; Ghimire et al. 2011; González and Tello 2011), and cause die-back and canker diseases of numerous woody hosts (von Arx 1987; Damm et al. 2007a; Phillips et al. 2007; Slippers et al. 2007; Alves et al. 2008; Lazzizera et al. 2008b; Marincowitz et al. 2008; Zhou et al. 2008; Pérez et al. 2010; Adesemoye and Eskalen 2011; Urbez-Torres et al.