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WG, Kleinman HK, et al.: The effects of adrenomedullin overexpression in breast tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002,94(16):1226–1237.PubMedCrossRef www.selleckchem.com/products/elacridar-gf120918.html 9. Hata K, Takebayashi Y, Akiba S, Fujiwaki R, Iida K, Nakayama K, Nakayama S, Fukumoto M, Miyazaki K: Expression of the adrenomedullin gene in epithelial ovarian cancer. Mol Hum Reprod 2000,6(10):867–872.PubMedCrossRef 10. Miller MJ, Martinez A, Unsworth EJ, Thiele CJ, Moody TW, Elsasser T, Cuttitta F: Adrenomedullin expression in human tumor cell lines. Its potential role as an autocrine growth factor. J Biol Chem 1996,271(38):23345–23351.PubMedCrossRef 11. Giacalone PL, Vuaroqueaux V, Daures JP, Houafic L, Martin PM, Laffargue F, Maudelonde T: Expression of adrenomedullin in human ovaries, ovarian cysts and cancers – Correlation with estrogens receptor status. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003,110(2):224–229.PubMedCrossRef

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They were again air-dried and finally reconstituted in 100 μl of methanol. TLC plates were prepared and samples were run as described [23]. Five μl of the sample (normalized to total protein), 2 μl of the standards-PQS (5 and 10 mM), and HHQ (2.5 and 5 mM,) were used. AQ levels were estimated in the wild-type and the lasR mutant by densitometric analysis of relative spot intensities using Imagequant TL software (GE Healthcare) from two independent experiments. Results and discussion A ZK lasR mutant forms wrinkly

colonies We investigated the effect of a lasR mutation on colony morphology as an indicator of matrix production [6, 12]. A wrinkled colony phenotype is generally associated with increased EPS production SB202190 clinical trial and biofilm formation. Our agar medium also contained Congo-red, which may stain colonies overproducing EPS [54], but

is not always a reliable indicator, especially at 37°C [5]. We therefore focused on colony wrinkling (rugosity). We grew the wild-type and lasR mutants of three AZD3965 supplier P. aeruginosa strains, namely widely used strains PAO1 and PA14, and the autoaggregative strain ZK2870 [12], on agar plates for 5 days at 37°C and at 22°C. Growth conditions are identical to those previously used to investigate EPS-dependent colony morphology [6, 12]. We did not observe any significant differences in rugosity between the PAO1 wild-type and lasR mutant strains at either temperature (Figure 2A). However, for the colonies of the wild-type and the lasR mutant of strains PA14 and ZK showed striking differences. A PA14 lasR mutant formed a flat, smooth colony as compared to the wrinkled wild-type phenotype at 22°C (Figure 2A). On the contrary, a ZK lasR mutant formed a distinctive wrinkled colony at 37°C while the wild-type formed a smooth colony (Figure 2A). At room

temperature, the morphological difference between the wild-type and the ZK lasR mutant was not as pronounced. A positive regulatory link between las QS, pel transcription and colony morphology has already been described in strain PA14, which only carries Pel EPS [6]. The apparently reverse relationship between las QS and colony morphology at 37°C in strain ZK, which harbors both Pel and Psl, was intriguing to us and is the focus of this study. Figure 2 Effect of las mutation on colony wrinkling. A. Colony morphology of wild-type (WT) and lasR mutant P. aeruginosa strains PA14, PAO1 and ZK after 5 days of growth at the indicated temperature. B. Colony morphology of the ZK wild-type (WT) and lasI mutant in the presence and absence of 10 μM 3OC12-HSL after 5 days at 37°C. To FDA-approved Drug Library confirm that the observed phenotype is generally dependent on a non-functional las system, we also constructed a ZK lasI in-frame deletion mutant. A ZK lasI mutant showed a well defined wrinkled colony like the lasR mutant at 37°C (Figure 2B).

Similar comparisons have not been performed forP. agglomerans, leaving a gap in knowledge critical to regulatory authorities. The aim of our study was to perform a polyphasic genotypic and phenotypic analysis ofP. agglomeransisolates of diverse origin in order to understand whether clinical and biocontrol (environmental) isolates can be distinguished and have undergone a discrete evolution that would indicate specialization towards human

pathogenicity or an epiphytic lifestyle. The taxonomy of a collection of clinical and plant isolates was assessed using fluorescent Fosbretabulin mw amplified fragment length polymorphism GDC 0032 clinical trial (fAFLP) analysis of total genomic DNA and sequence analyses of specific genes (such as 16S rDNA generrs,gyrBencoding DNA gyrase subunit B, and theP. agglomeransquorum-sensing regulatory genespagRIencoding homoserine lactone receptor and synthase) [34]. The fAFLP analysis was used as well to search for Pevonedistat random molecular markers that could serve as a simple and rapid discriminatory marker for clinical and biocontrol strains. Additionally, we examined the distribution of some phenotypic and genotypic traits among strains that may reflect adaptation to the different lifestyles proposed forP. agglomerans, such as growth at 37°C for clinical isolates, presence of pantocin

A genes or sorbitol utilization for biocontrol strains, and presence of type III secretion system (T3SS) for plant pathogenic pathovars. Methods Bacterial strains Thirty-two clinical isolates designated asP. agglomerans,E. agglomerans,E. herbicolaorPantoeaspp. were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,http://​www.​atcc.​org/​), the Belgian Coordinated Collection of Microorganisms (BCCM/LMG,http://​bccm.​belspo.​be), the Institut Pasteur Collection (CIP,http://​www.​crbip.​pasteur.​fr/​), the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT,http://​www.​cect.​org/​) Y-27632 2HCl or received from the Hospital de la Santa Crei Sant Pau (Barcelona, Spain) and the Istituto Cantonale di Microbiologia (ICM, Bellinzona, Switzerland). ElevenP. agglomeransstrains with established

biocontrol activity obtained from several sources (including the three currently registered commercial strains), twenty environmental isolates and three phytopathogenic strains, together with representative strains of otherPantoeaspecies and closely related genera such asErwinia,PectobacteriumandBrenneria, were included in the study for comparison (see Additional file 1 – Table S1). DNA extraction and PCR amplification DNA of each bacterial isolate was extracted with the Wizard®Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Dübendorf, Switzerland) from 1.5 ml aliquots of overnight cultures at 28°C in Luria Bertani (LB) medium. Obtained genomic DNA was quantified on a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, U.S.A.) and 10-20 ng of genomic DNA were used for each PCR reaction.

Infection and immunity 2005,73(6):3219–3227.PubMedCrossRef 2. Coburn B, Sekirov I, Finlay BB: Type iii secretion systems and disease. Clinical microbiology reviews 2007,20(4):535–549.PubMedCrossRef 3. Hardt WD, Galan JE: A secreted salmonella protein with homology to an avirulence determinant of plant pathogenic bacteria. Proc natl acad sci USA 1997,94(18):9887–9892.PubMedCrossRef

4. Streckel W, Wolff AC, Prager R, Tietze E, Tschape H: VX-680 molecular weight Expression profiles of effector proteins sopb, sopd1, sope1, and avra differ with systemic, enteric, and epidemic strains of salmonella enterica. Mol nutr food res 2004,48(7):496–503.PubMedCrossRef 5. Orth K, Xu Z, Mudgett MB, Bao ZQ, Palmer LE, Bliska JB, Mangel WF, Staskawicz B, Dixon JE: Disruption of signaling by yersinia effector yopj, a ubiquitin-like protein protease. Science 2000,290(5496):1594–1597.PubMedCrossRef 6. Collier-Hyams LS, Zeng H, Sun J, Tomlinson AD, Bao ZQ, Chen H, Madara JL, Orth K, Neish AS: Cutting edge: salmonella avra effector TSA HDAC in vitro inhibits the key proinflammatory, anti-apoptotic NF-kappaB pathway. J Immunol 2002,169(6):2846–2850.PubMed 7. Jones RM, Wu H, Wentworth C, Luo L, Collier-Hyams L, Neish AS: Salmonella avra coordinates suppression of host immune and apoptotic defenses via jnk pathway selleck blockade. Cell

host microbe 2008,3(4):233–244.PubMedCrossRef 8. Ye Z, Petrof EO, Boone D, Claud EC, Sun J: Salmonella effector avra regulation of colonic epithelial cell inflammation by deubiquitination. Am J Pathol 2007,171(3):882–892.PubMedCrossRef 9. Du F, Galan JE: Selective inhibition of type iii secretion

activated signaling by the salmonella effector avra. Plos Pathog 2009,5(9):E1000595.PubMedCrossRef 10. Chang J, Chen J, Zhou D: Delineation and characterization of the actin nucleation and effector translocation activities of salmonella sipc. Mol Microbiol 2005,55(5):1379–1389.PubMedCrossRef 11. Eckmann L, Smith JR, Housley MP, Dwinell MB, Kagnoff MF: Analysis by high density cdna arrays of altered gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells in response to infection with the invasive enteric bacteria salmonella. The Journal of Biological the Chemistry 2000,275(19):14084–14094.PubMedCrossRef 12. Wang Y, Couture OP, Qu L, Uthe JJ, Bearson SM, Kuhar D, Lunney JK, Nettleton D, Dekkers JC, Tuggle CK: Analysis of porcine transcriptional response to salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis suggests novel targets of NFkappaB are activated in the mesenteric lymph node. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:437.PubMedCrossRef 13. Chiang HI, Swaggerty CL, Kogut MH, Dowd SE, Li X, Pevzner IY, Zhou H: Gene expression profiling in chicken heterophils with salmonella enteritidis stimulation using a chicken 44 k agilent microarray. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:526.PubMedCrossRef 14.

On the other hand, photoelectrodes based on TiO2 micro-flowers were fabricated by an anodizing process of Ti foil patterned and shaped such that they approximated cylindrical protruding dots. Figure 9 Illustrations and FESEM images. Illustrations of (a) bare TiO2 nanotube arrays and (b) TiO2 micro-flowers for a DSC photoelectrode. FESEM images of (c) bare TiO2 nanotube arrays and (d) TiO2 micro-flowers. Figure  10 shows the J-V CDK phosphorylation characteristics of DSCs based on the bare TiO2 nanotubes and TiO2 micro-flowers when the thicknesses selleck chemicals of the TiO2 nanotubes are 1.5 and 2.0 μm, respectively. When the thickness of the TiO2 nanotubes was 1.5 μm, the short-circuit

current (J sc), open-circuit voltage (V oc), and power conversion efficiency of the DSCs based

on the TiO2 micro-flowers were slightly higher than those of the bare TiO2 nanotubes, as shown in Figure  10 and Table  1. However, the fill factor of the samples based on the TiO2 micro-flowers showed a decrease compared to that of the bare samples. When the thickness of the TiO2 nanotubes was increased from 1.5 to 2.0 μm, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html the J sc of the DSCs based on the TiO2 micro-flowers increased from 3.838 to 4.340 mA/cm2. This appears that the improvement of J sc in the TiO2 micro-flower samples is due to the increased surface area for dye adsorption. The efficiency of DSCs based on TiO2 micro-flowers reached 1.517%. The obtained efficiency levels were relatively low, as the thicknesses of the TiO2 nanotubes were very thin at 1.5 and 2.0 μm. Carbachol The thickness of the TiO2 nanoparticle layer in the conventional DSCs was approximately 20 μm. If the thickness of the TiO2 micro-flowers is increased, its efficiency will also increase. The performance levels of DSCs based on these TiO2 micro-flowers will also improve if the morphologies of the protruding dots,

such as the dot diameter, the distance between adjacent dots, and the height of the cylindrical protrusions, are tailored. Our future work will concentrate on all of these factors to attain the maximum efficiency level from DSCs based on TiO2 micro-flowers. The conclusion of this report is that DSCs based on TiO2 micro-flowers have the potential to achieve higher efficiency levels compared to DSCs based on normal TiO2 nanotubes and TiO2 nanoparticles. Figure 10 J – V characteristics of DSCs based on bare TiO 2 nanotubes and TiO 2 micro-flowers. The thicknesses of the TiO2 nanotubes are 1.5 and 2.0 μm. Table 1 J – V characteristics of DSCs based on bare TiO 2 nanotubes and TiO 2 micro-flowers Sample Photoelectrode Thickness of the TiO2nanotubes (μm) J sc V oc FF Efficiency (%)       (mA/cm2) (V)     (a) Bare 1.5 3.279 0.636 0.549 1.147 ± 0.167 (b) Micro-flowers 1.5 3.838 0.661 0.467 1.187 ± 0.041 (c) Bare 2.0 4.030 0.636 0.536 1.378 ± 0.092 (d) Micro-flowers 2.0 4.340 0.644 0.542 1.517 ± 0.063 The thicknesses of TiO2 nanotubes are 1.5 μm and 2.0 μm.

01 ***: p<0.001. Cytotoxicity towards macrophage cell line J774A.1 Results of the macrophage assays above may be

influenced by cytotoxicity of the strain, since strains that kill the macrophages subject themselves to the action of the antibiotic gentamicin in the culture medium. A comparison of cytotoxicity towards the J774A.1 cells after 24 hours is shown in Figure 1. The non-flagellated mutants of S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium were less cytotoxic than the wild type strains, in line learn more with previous observations that flagella influence Salmonella induction of macrophage cell death [19]. The net growth of flagella mutants in the survival assays above could thus be a result of decreased killing of macrophages. The chemotaxis mutants of S. Dublin did not differ significantly

from the wild type strain, while the cheA mutant of S. Typhimurium was slightly, but significantly, less cytotoxic than the wild type strain. Figure 1 Cytotoxicity of strains of S. Dublin (SDu) and S. Typhimurium (STm) in J774A.1 macrophages. Cytotoxicity was measured 24 hours post challenge with flagellar (SDu fliC and STm fliC/fljB) and chemotaxis mutants (cheA and cheB) and the wild type strains. Significant (p<0.05) differences between wild type and mutant strains are shown with *. The cytotoxicity of the two wild type strains was also compared, and this was shown to be statistically different, as indicated by the * in the top of the figure. Wild type S. Dublin was less cytotoxic than wild type S. Typhimurium (Figure 1). To investigate whether this Selleck Salubrinal was related to the flagella type, we provided the fliC mutant of S. Dublin with S. Typhimurium fliC in trans on the plasmid pPR2. The fliC mutant itself was negative with H:p,g (S. Dublin flagella antigen) and H:i, H:2 (S. Typhimurium flagella antigen) by serotyping and Western blot, while the complemented 5-Fluoracil strain was positive Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) with H:i and H:2 typing sera. It was non-motile

but expressed a high number of flagella as demonstrated by electron microscopy (data not shown). It did not differ significantly from the wild type strain in interactions with epithelial cells or macrophages (data not shown). The complemented fliC mutant of S. Dublin was significantly more cytotoxic than the wild type strain of S. Dublin, above the level of the wild type strain of S. Typhimurium (Figure 1). The importance of chemotaxis and flagella genes for induction of oxidative burst in macrophages The ability of the strains to stimulate the oxidative burst in J774A.1 cells was investigated. Wild type strains differed in induction of oxidative response in the sense that the wild type strain of S. Typhimurium peaked early compared to the wild type strain of S. Dublin, and showed a significantly lower area under the response curve (AUC). Only relative small differences in the oxidative burst were observed between S. Dublin wild type and mutant strains, and none of the differences were statistically significant (Figure 2).

Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the Danish Research Council for Independent Research (09-073917) to L.Y. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1. Selected significant genes identified through different latent

variables. (DOCX 56 KB) References 1. Demuth A, Aharonowitz Y, Bachmann TT, Blum-Oehler G, Buchrieser C, Covacci A, Dobrindt U, Emody L, van der Ende A, Ewbank J, et al.: Pathogenomics: an updated European Research Agenda. Infect Genet Evol 2008,8(3):386–393.PubMedCrossRef 2. Worlitzsch D, Tarran R, Ulrich M, Schwab U, Cekici A, Meyer KC, Birrer P, Bellon G, Berger J, Weiss T, et al.: Effects of reduced mucus oxygen concentration in airway Pseudomonas GDC-0941 molecular weight infections of cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Invest 2002,109(3):317–325.PubMed 3. Govan JR, Deretic V: Microbial pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis: mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia. Microbiol Rev 1996,60(3):539–574.PubMed 4. Jelsbak L, Johansen HK, Frost AL, Thogersen R, Thomsen LE, Ciofu O,

Yang L, Haagensen JA, Hoiby N, Molin S: Molecular epidemiology and dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations in lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Infect Immun 2007,75(5):2214–2224.PubMedCrossRef 5. Rau MH, Hansen SK, Mizoribine concentration Johansen HK, Thomsen LE, Workman CT, Nielsen KF, Jelsbak L, Hoiby N, Yang L, Molin S: Early adaptive developments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after the transition from life in the environment to persistent colonization in the airways of human cystic fibrosis hosts. Environ Microbiol 2010,12(6):1643–1658.PubMed

6. Romling U, Fiedler B, Bosshammer J, Grothues D, Greipel J, von der Hardt H, Tummler B: Epidemiology of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 1994,170(6):1616–1621.PubMedCrossRef 7. Smith EE, Buckley DG, Wu Z, Saenphimmachak C, Hoffman LR, D’Argenio DA, Miller SI, Ramsey BW, Speert DP, Moskowitz SM, et al.: Genetic adaptation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006,103(22):8487–8492.PubMedCrossRef 8. Yang L, Jelsbak L, Marvig RL, Epigenetics inhibitor Damkiaer S, Workman CT, Rau MH, Hansen SK, Folkesson A, Johansen HK, Ciofu O, et al.: Evolutionary dynamics of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html bacteria in a human host environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011,108(18):7481–7486.PubMedCrossRef 9. Raychaudhuri S, Stuart JM, Altman RB: Principal components analysis to summarize microarray experiments: application to sporulation time series. Pac Symp Biocomput 2000, 455–466. 10. Kong W, Vanderburg CR, Gunshin H, Rogers JT, Huang X: A review of independent component analysis application to microarray gene expression data. Biotechniques 2008,45(5):501–520.PubMedCrossRef 11. Lee SI, Batzoglou S: Application of independent component analysis to microarrays. Genome Biol 2003,4(11):R76.PubMedCrossRef 12.

This study aimed at comparing the differences of the microbiota and metabolome between CD children under GFD (treated celiac disease, T-CD) and non-celiac children (healthy control, HC). The intestinal and faecal microbiota was characterized by culture-independent and -dependent methods whereas metabolomic studies were carried out using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry/solid-phase microextraction Y-27632 solubility dmso (GC-MS/SPME) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results Molecular analysis of the bacterial community of duodenal biopsies and faecal samples The dominant microbiota and specific subgroups (Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus)

from stool samples and from duodenal biopsies (mucus and mucosa associated bacteria) were analyzed by PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Universal primers targeting V6-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were used. Eubacterial ML323 in vitro profiles from PCR-DGGE analysis of duodenal biopsies of treated celiac disease (T-CD) children showed high richness

with two to eight well resolved and strong bands (Figure 1A). Only the electrophoretic profile of 19 T-CD duodenal biopsy contained one band. Profiles of non-celiac children (HC) had only one to three strong bands. Banding patterns were processed using the click here Bionumerics software. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 4.6 to 99.5%. Except for two duodenal biopsies (33 and 34 HC) which showed high similarity to T-CD samples, all HC banding patterns were grouped together with 98.2% similarity coefficient. The major part of the T-CD samples were grouped together at 95% of the similarity. Overall, DGGE profiles of the PCR amplicons obtained with primers Lac1 and Lac2 had two strong, common and well-resolved bands, and a few bands with low intensity (Figure 1B). High similarity was found among samples belonging to T-CD and HC groups. Most of the T-CD and HC duodenal biopsies were grouped together at ca. 90% of similarity and all samples at 72.9%. Sequencing of the DGGE bands

revealed the common presence of L. plantarum (band a). Although Lac1 and Lac2 primers were commonly used to detect Lactobacillus species [9, 24, 25], human DNA (band Dynein b) was also found. Finally, no PCR amplicons were found by using three different sets of primers targeting the Bifidobacteria group. This suggested that Bifidobacteria were probably absent from duodenal biopsies of both T-CD and HC. Figure 1 Clustering of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of biopsies from thirty-four children (1-34). Universal V6-V8 (A) and Lac1/Lac2 Lactobacillus group (B) primers were used. Clustering was carried out using the unweighted pair-group method with the arithmetic average (UPGMA) based on the Pearson correlation coefficient.

e. CFSElow, T cells ± SD. Discussion Pexidartinib mw Due to a growing body of knowledge about immunosurveillance – and loss thereof – anti-tumor immunotherapy has been refined [32]. Nevertheless, especially results of APC-based tumor vaccination trials often have often not met the high expectations. Lack of efficacy mainly originates from well-defined tumor escape mechanisms [2, 3, 33]. Tolerizing conditions of the tumor environment are mainly driven by tumor or bystander cell derived cytokines inducing tolerogenic DC, e.g. by triggering myeloid DC B7-H1 expression [34], and by recruitment of regulatory T cells [35], myeloid-derived

suppressor cells (MDSCs) and mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) [36]. IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF all have FK228 mw been identified as key factors that mediate the inhibitory action of the tumor microenvironment. Their serum levels are this website frequently increased in cancer patients

and the tumor tissues of many cancer types are enriched for these immunosuppressive factors [37–39]. The main activity of IL-10 is related to downregulation of T cell function, which occurs predominantly through indirect mechanisms involving APCs [40]. IL-10 has been shown to impair antigen-presentation by DCs through reduction of the cell surface expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules as well as MHC class II. Furthermore, IL-10 promotes DC apoptosis and inhibits DC migration to the secondary lymphoid organs [41, 42]. else DCs isolated from transgenic mice that over-express IL-10 have a defect in antigen presentation and decreased capacity to induce T cell activation. Conversely, in IL-10-deficient tumor-bearing mice the defect in DC function was reversed [43]. As

a consequence IL-10-conditioned DCs are tolerogenic and induce T cell anergy [6, 44]. Like IL-10 TGF-β prevents the trafficking of DCs to the lymph nodes [45]. In addition, TGF-β impairs the maturation of DCs and thereby leads to the accumulation of immature DCs with the ability to generate regulatory T cells [8, 46]. VEGF also inhibits DC maturation leading to an accumulation of immature DCs with impaired APC function within the tumor microenvironment and the tumor-draining lymph nodes [9]. Consequently, inhibition of TGF-β, IL-10, or VEGF signaling improves DC function and enhances the efficacy of tumor vaccines [47–49]. Another strategy to address these tumor escape mechanisms in cellular tumor vaccinations is the use of alternative APC sources. In this context human CD40-activated B cells have gained increasing interest. We and others have previously shown that CD40-activated B cells are equipped with a profile of chemokine receptors that are required for the homing to the secondary lymphoid organs [31]. Furthermore, CD40-activated B cells are potent antigen-presenting cells and are able to prime both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro.

In contrast to the magnon band structures of arrays of Py stripes separated by air gaps studied earlier [12], near-dispersionless modes exist below the fundamental mode branch (M1) of our Py/BARC sample. One reason is that the Py stripes in our sample

are thicker. In comparison to the Py/Fe(Ni) structures [7], Py/BARC has a generally less-dispersive magnon band structure; however, its measured 1.8 GHz first and 0.7 GHz second bandgaps are of the same order of magnitude as those of the former. It is to be noted that the magnon branches can be classified into two groups. One group comprises branches (labeled M1 to M3 in Figure  3a) whose modes have profiles that are similar, i.e., near-uniform across the Py stripe thickness (z direction), to those observed in Py/air stripe arrays [12, GW 572016 29]. The other dispersionless group (labeled N1 to N5) comprises the perpendicular PF-3084014 price standing spin waves (PSSW). The frequencies of these PSSW modes, with quantization numbers n = 1 and m = 0 to 4 across the thickness and width, respectively, were also analytically calculated [11] and found to be 8.64, 8.94, 9.78, 11.1, and 12.8 GHz, in good agreement with experiment. It is noteworthy that the dynamic magnetizations (represented by arrows in Figure  3b) of the PSSW modes form one or more closed loops, each

resembling the vortex configuration of a ferromagnetic ring [30]. As the dipolar field outside a magnetic vortex vanishes, the dipole-dipole coupling between the PSSW modes is expected to be very weak. This is evidenced by their nearly flat dispersion curves. Interestingly, mode hybridizations exist between the fundamental mode M1 and the respective PSSW modes N2 and N4, as borne out by the simulated hybridized

mode profiles. Hybridization of the fundamental mode M1 with the N3 mode is however precluded due to their different symmetries. The M1 mode possesses odd symmetry, as under a π-rotation about the symmetry axis (y direction) of a Py stripe, its dynamic magnetizations are reversed. The N2 and N4 modes have odd symmetry, while the N3 mode has even symmetry. Sirolimus Conclusions In summary, we have measured the simultaneous magnonic and phononic bandgaps of the Py/BARC magphonic crystal by Brillouin light scattering. The measured phononic Bragg gap opening and hybridization bandgap are much wider than those previously observed in laterally patterned multi-component phononic crystals. This is mainly ascribed to the high selleck products elastic and density contrasts between the stripe materials, Py and BARC. The hybridization bandgap is found to have an unusual origin in the hybridization and avoided crossing of the zone-folded Rayleigh and pseudo-Sezawa waves. The magnonic dispersion relation comprises near-dispersionless PSSW branches, with some of them lying below the highly dispersive fundamental mode branch.