“
“An individualised laser skin treatment may enhance the treatment and reduces risks and side-effects. The optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients) are important parameters in the propagation Torin 1 price of laser light in skin tissue. The differences in the melanin content of different skin phototypes influence the absorption of the light. The absorption coefficient at the treatment wavelength for an individual can be determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, using a probe containing seven fibres. Six of the fibres deliver the light to the measurement site and the central fibre

collects the diffused reflected light. This is an in vivo technique, offering benefits for near-real-time results. Such a probe, with an effective wavelength band from 450 to 800 nm, was used to calibrate skin-simulating

phantoms consisting of intralipid and ink. The calibration constants were used to calculate the absorption coefficients from the diffuse reflectance measurements of three volunteers (skin phototypes, II, IV and V) for sun-exposed and non-exposed areas on the arm.”
“An environmentally friendly antibacterial agent, namely, Ag NP-loaded quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/organic montmorillonite (QAOM) nanocomposite, was prepared. The novel QAOM nanocomposite was obtained through Fer-1 concentration an environmentally friendly process by using quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (QCMC) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) as reducing and stabilizing agent for Ag NP synthesis. Finished papers with QAOM nanocomposites were prepared by performing surface coating and internal additive methods. Physical properties and antimicrobial activity of the finished paper were investigated. MLN2238 manufacturer The results

revealed that Ag NP remained spherical in dry QAOM nanocomposites with uniform size and good dispersion, and the exfoliated montmorillonite layers were evenly distributed in the QCMC matrix. The presence of QAOM nanocomposites positively affected the tensile, tear, and bursting strengths of the finished paper. The paper prepared by using surface coating performed better than that produced by using the internal additive method. Moreover, the finished paper with QAOM nanocomposites showed an excellent antimicrobial capacity, and the antibacterial capacity of paper produced by using surface coating was stronger than that produced by using internal additive method. Therefore, this study provides basic data for an efficient and safe antibacterial agent that can be applied in the paper industry. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“High risk infants, especially preterm ones, often require the administration of blood products.

“
“It is extremely difficult to estimate the occurrence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). On the other Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library cell assay hand, discovering and carefully evaluating new risk factors that may contribute to the onset of cardiovascular abnormalities in people with refractory epilepsy

may prevent fatal events in these individuals. In this context, we should not ignore that urban air pollution is a leading problem for environmental health and is able to cause serious cardiovascular dysfunctions that culminate in sudden death. In this regard, we aimed to determine whether environmental exposure to air pollution is an aggravating event for SUDEP.”
“Purpose: To report our operative experience and short-term outcomes for the laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) management of large renal tumors and tumors of advanced stage.

Patients and Methods: Ten consecutive patients underwent LESS-radical nephrectomy

(RN) for large (>= 7 cm) and/or locally advanced tumors (>T-2). Intraoperative, postoperative, and short-term follow-up data were analyzed.

Results: Median surgical time was 146 minutes (range 73-164 min), and median estimated blood loss was 100 mL (range 25-400 mL). No procedure needed conversion to open RN or hand-assisted laparoscopic RN. The median hospital stay was 47 hours (range 42 hours-12 days). One (10%) patient had a minor complication (postoperative fever treated with antibiotics) and one (10%) patient had a Bcl-2 inhibitor clinical trial major complication (small bowel obstruction necessitating reoperation). Of the 10 tumors, 2 were pathologic stage T-1b, 4 were pathologic

stage T-2, and 4 were stage T-3a. At a median follow-up of 12.3 months (range 1-16 mos), six (60%) patients were alive without evidence of recurrence, and 4 (40%) patients were alive with disease. Of those four patients, all four had known metastatic disease before surgery.

Conclusion: LESS-RN for large or advanced stage renal masses is a technically challenging operation. In experienced hands, however, it is a safe and feasible therapeutic option for the management of these tumors.”
“The requirement to monitor the chemical GDC-0994 concentration quality of water has become one of the major issues in environmental analytics. Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), a fast, sensitive method traditionally used in security and military applications, is also suitable for environmental analysis and detection of organic pollutants from aqueous matrices, when combined with advantageous methods to isolate analytes from the water phase.

This article reviews the current literature on the sample-extraction methods most feasible for aqueous samples prior to ion-mobility analysis, and highlights their principles and trends in IMS applications.

An association with thiopurine exposure was not found. (C) 2012 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Children with functional constipation report impaired Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in relation to physical complaints and long duration of symptoms. In about one third of children with constipation, symptoms continue into adulthood. Knowledge on HRQoL in adults with constipation persisting from childhood is lacking.

Objectives: To assess HRQoL in adults with constipation from early childhood in comparison to that of their peers. Furthermore

to gain insight into the specific social consequences related to continuing symptoms of constipation and/or fecal incontinence at adult age.

Methods: ISRIB chemical structure One HRQoL questionnaire and one self-developed questionnaire focusing on specific consequences learn more of symptoms of constipation continuing into adulthood were administrated to 182 adults with a history of childhood constipation. Successful clinical outcome was defined as a defecation frequency three or more times per week with less than two episodes of fecal incontinence per month, irrespective

of laxative use. HRQoL of both adults with unsuccessful and successful clinical outcome were compared to a control group of 361 peers from the general Dutch population.

Results: No differences in HRQoL were found between the whole study population and healthy peers, nor between adults with successful clinical outcome (n = 139) and the control group. Adults with an unsuccessful clinical outcome (n = 43) reported significantly lower HRQoL compared to the control group with respect to scores on bodily pain (mean +/- SD 77.4 +/- 19.6 versus 85.7 +/- 19.5, p = 0.01) and general health (67.6 +/- 18.8 versus 74.0 +/- 18.1, p = 0.04). Adults with an unsuccessful clinical outcome reported difficulties with social contact AZD6738 concentration and intimacy (20% and 12.5%, respectively),

related to their current symptoms. Current therapy in these adults was more often self-administered treatment (e. g. diet modifications) (60.4%) than laxatives (20.9%).

Conclusion: Overall, young adults with constipation in childhood report a good quality of life, as HRQoL of adults with successful clinical outcome was comparable to that of their peers. However, when childhood constipation continues into adulthood, it influences HRQoL negatively with social consequences in 20% of these adults.”
“The obesity epidemic is a major health concern. The diagnosis of acute illness and fluid imbalance in the obese patient is complicated by a wide range of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and lymphoedema. Thus, obesity warrants particularly careful clinical and biochemical assessment owing to its resemblance to fluid retention. Dosing of diuretics is difficult in these patients.

The structures of the synthesized thiophene derivatives were confirmed by ultraviolet-visible, IR, and (1)H-NMR spectroscopic techniques and TPX-0005 elemental analysis. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester fabrics as disperse dyes, and their fastness properties were evaluated. The dyed polyester fabrics displayed antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus

aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 83-89, 2011″
“We report 10 cases of intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in renal transplant (RT) recipients who were treated with fumagillin. All patients presented with afebrile subacute diarrhea (median of 2 weeks), associated with abdominal cramps (n = 5), selleck products and weight loss (n = 6), a mean of 68 months after RT. The diagnosis was made by the identification of microsporidial spores in stools with the use of appropriate staining and confirmed by a specific polymerase chain reaction assay for E. bieneusi in 7 patients. Median CD4 cell count was 292 cells/mm3. All patients received a median of 14 days of oral fumagillin (20 mg tid), and four patients also

discontinued or tapered their immunosuppressive regimen (mycophenolate mofetil in 3, and azathioprine in 2). Clinical symptoms resolved rapidly with the clearance of microsporidial spores from this website stools in all patients. A severe

but reversible thrombocytopenia was observed in one patient during fumagillin therapy, and another patient presented with abdominal cramps. Trough levels of tacrolimus measured in seven patients dropped below 5 ng/mL in six of them after 7-14 days of fumagillin. Intestinal microsporidiosis can cause subacute diarrhea in RT recipients. Fumagillin is an effective treatment with an acceptable safety profile, but monitoring of tacrolimus levels is warranted.”
“In order to explain a number of recent experimental observations of laser-induced femtosecond demagnetization in the large fluence limit, we discuss the consequences of a recently proposed nonlocal approach. A microscopic description of spin flip scattering is implemented in an effective three temperature model, including electronic heat diffusion. Effects of finite film thickness on the demagnetization transients are discussed. Our results show a clear saturation of the ultrafast demagnetization, in excellent agreement with experimental observations. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3540681]“
“The electron beam was imposed on the polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers before the fibers were stabilized.

However, some urinary components can precipitate into the vial, hampering the correct injection. Dissolved urinary matrix is responsible for shifted retention times and ion suppression or ion enhancement. To Mdm2 inhibitor compensate for the effect of the matrix, an isotope-labeled internal standard (IL-ISTD) is the best choice.

Dilution can also minimize the matrix effect, but can result in reduced analyte detectability. Hence, DS-LC-MS methods are predominantly available for substances for which the required urinary detection levels are high and that show good ionization efficiency.

Taking

into account the progressive increase in instrument sensitivity, we expect that the application of DS-LC-MS will also come available for substances with low required detection levels or

limited ionization efficiency. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective.

To determine whether pre- and post-operative administration of intravenous ibuprofen (IV-ibuprofen) can significantly decrease pain and morphine use when compared with placebo in adult orthopedic surgical patients.

Design.

This was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Setting.

This study was completed at eight hospitals; six in the United States and two in South Africa.

Patients.

A total of 185 adult patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.

Interventions.

Patients were randomized to receive either 800 click here mg IV-ibuprofen or placebo every 6 hours, with the first dose administered pre-operatively. Additionally, all patients had access to intravenous morphine for rescue.

Outcome Measures.

Efficacy of IV-ibuprofen was demonstrated by measuring

the patient’s self assessment of pain using a visual analog scale (VAS; assessed with movement and at rest) and a verbal response scale (VRS). Morphine consumption during the post-operative period was also assessed.

Results.

In the immediate post-operative period, there was a 25.8% reduction in mean area under the curve-VAS assessed with movement (AUC-VASM) in patients receiving IV-ibuprofen learn more (P < 0.001); a 31.8% reduction in mean AUC-VAS assessed at rest (AUC-VASR; P < 0.001) and a 20.2% reduction in mean VRS (P < 0.001) compared to those receiving placebo. Patients receiving IV-ibuprofen used 30.9% less morphine (P < 0.001) compared to those receiving placebo. Similar treatment emergent adverse events occurred in both study groups and there were no significant differences in the incidence of serious adverse events.

Conclusion.

Pre- and post-operative administration of IV-ibuprofen significantly reduced both pain and morphine use in orthopedic surgery patients in this prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial.”
“Isolated congenital asplenia (ICA) is a rare condition at risk for overwhelming infection. When complicated by invasive infection, the mortality remains high, at greater than 60%.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Laparoscopy-assisted

total gastrectomy (LATG) for gastric cancer is not yet widespread because of the technical difficulty of reconstruction. We have performed LATG on 100 patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer. This study investigated Selleck AP26113 the short-term outcomes of LATG.

Between September 2001 and September 2012, 100 patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer underwent LATG with D1 plus beta or D2 lymphadenectomy. Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy was performed intracorporeally using end-to-side anastomosis with a circular stapler (the purse-string suture method). The primary endpoint was the proportion of postoperative complications during hospitalization.

Mean operation time was 249 min; mean blood loss was 182 ml. There were no conversions to open surgery. According to the Clavien-Dindo classification, there were 8 grade II (8 %) and 10 grade IIIa/b (10 %) complications. There were no treatment-related deaths or grade IV complications. The most frequent complication was anastomotic or stump leakage (6 %), followed by pancreatic fistula selleck compound library (5 %). Reoperations were required in two patients with leakage.

The short-term

outcomes of LATG in our study involving 100 patients were outlined. LATG for gastric cancer patients should be attempted preferably in a clinical trial setting by surgeons with sufficient experience in laparoscopic gastrectomy.”
“Mucosal alterations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity have not been clearly evaluated. This study aims to analyze the mucosal alterations (proliferative status (Ki-67); apoptosis (caspase-3 and BCL-2); hormonal function (gastrin)) in the excluded stomach.

Double-balloon enteroscopy was performed in 35 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass longer than 36 months. Multiple biopsies of the proximal pouch and the excluded gastric mucosa were collected. Gastric biopsies from 32 non-operated obese

patients were utilized as controls. Endoscopic biopsies were cut from tissue blocks fixed in formalin and embedded Pim inhibitor in paraffin. Sections 4 mu m thick were examined for immunoexpression using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method.

The two groups were comparable for age, gender, gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and Helicobacter pylori. The mean number of positive gastrin cells was 55.5 (standard deviation (SD) = 11.7) in the control group and 29.6 (SD = 7.9) in the cases, p = 0.0003. Ki-67 proliferative index in cases (body = 24.7 %, antrum = 24.9 %) was significantly higher compared to controls (body = 15.0 % and antrum = 17.7 %), p = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively. Caspase-3 immunoexpression was higher in the controls compared to the excluded stomach (46 vs. 31 %), p = 0.02. There was no statistical difference between CD3, CD8, and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions in the control and cases.

Young’s modulus of cured silane-modified MWCNT (0.8 wt%)/epoxy composites increased 52%. Flexural strength of cured silane-modified MWCNT (1.0 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 145% comparing to neat epoxy. Flexural modulus of cured silane-modified MWCNT (0.8 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 31%. Surface

and volume electrical resistance of MWCNT/epoxy composites were decreased with IPTES-MWCNT content by 2 orders and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 3481-3488, 2010″
“Anthocyanin stability and antioxidant activity of powdered acai juice was evaluated throughout 120 days. Powders were produced by spray drying using four types of carrier agents: maltodextrin 10DE, maltodextrin 20DE, gum Arabic and tapioca starch. Samples were Selleck LY3039478 stored at different temperatures (25 and 35 degrees C) and water activities (0.328 and 0.529), in order to verify the effect of these conditions on anthocyanin degradation and antioxidant activity reduction. Anthocyanin degradation exhibited two first-order kinetics: the first one, with higher reaction rate constant, up to 45-60 days of storage, and the second one, after this period, with lower degradation

rate. Both temperature and water activity negatively affected anthocyanin stability. Fer-1 in vivo Antioxidant activity also decreased with increasing water activity, but was higher for the powders stored at 35 degrees C. Maltodextrin 1 ODE was the carrier agent that showed the best pigment protection and the highest antioxidant activity, for all the conditions studied. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective The attitudes of cancer patients from southeast Nigeria on disclosure of cancer information were studied to ascertain their information needs and what information was disclosed to them by their physicians.

Methods Structured questionnaires were administered on all consenting cancer patients that were managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu between July and October 2011. The data collected

were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18.

Results Two hundred and forty-four find more patients participated in the study. Ninety-five per cent of the participants wanted to know the nature of their diagnosis, but 76.7% admitted to being informed of the diagnosis by their doctors. Nearly 54% of participants will like to be informed of a bad prognosis, but only 1.8% was informed. The word cancer was used to disclose the diagnosis to 69.4% of the patients, but 108 (44.3%) patients did not have any idea what cancer meant, 39.8% knew it as an incurable disease whereas 8.6% described it as a tumour or abnormal growth. Patient factors that significantly improved the disclosure of diagnostic information were education (p=0.044) and site of the cancer (p=0.043).

The basic SLE equation was solved for the equilibrium melting temperature instead of for the composition. The binary interaction Selleck PND-1186 parameters of SRK and PC-SAFT EOS were estimated to best describe the experimental equilibrium behavior of 20 different polymer-solvent systems at atmospheric pressure and 31 other polymer-solvent systems at high pressure. A comparison with experimental data showed

that SRK-LCVM agreed very well with the atmospheric SLE data and that PC-SAFT EOS was more efficient in high-pressure conditions. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 1832-1849, 2011″
“The glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist liraglutide attenuates induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and vascular adhesion molecule (YAM) expression in human vascular endothelial cells (hVECs) in vitro and may afford protection

against endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD), an early abnormality in diabetic vascular disease. Our study aimed to establish the dependence of the in vitro effects of liraglutide on the GLP-1R and characterise its in vivo effects in a mouse model of ECD. In vitro studies utilised the human vascular endothelial cell line C1 1-STH and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for determination check details of PAI-I and YAM expression. In vivo studies of vascular reactivity and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in the ApoE(-/-) mouse model. In vitro studies demonstrated GLP-1R-dependent liraglutide-mediated inhibition of stimulated PAI-1 and YAM expression. In vivo studies demonstrated significant improvement in endothelial function in liraglutide treated mice, a GLP-1R dependent effect. Liraglutide treatment also increased endothelial nitric oxide

synthase (eNOS) and reduced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in aortic endothelium, an effect https://www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html again dependent on the GLP-1R. Together these studies identify in vivo protection, by the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide, against ECD and provide a potential molecular mechanism responsible for these effects.”
“Micro/nanoporous osmotic pump tablets coated with cellulose acetate containing polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) as pore formers were fabricated. Propranolol hydrochloride was used as a model drug in this study. Formulation optimization based on USP 31 requirements was conducted following a central composite design using a two-level factorial plan involving two membrane variables (pore former and coating levels). Effect of molecular weight of pore former (PVP K30 and PVP K90) was also evaluated. Responses of drug release to the variables were analyzed using statistical software (MINITAB 14). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the pores formed by PVP. The drug release was dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of PVP and the level of coating.

Results: The most common symptoms prompting second-side surgery were sound-and pressure-induced vertigo and autophony. Three of the 5 patients reported that symptoms shifted to the contralateral ear immediately after plugging the first side, whereas in 2 patients, contralateral symptoms developed several

years after the first SC plugging. Two of 4 patients experienced ongoing oscillopsia after bilateral SCDS surgery; however, Ulixertinib cost all patients reported relief from their SCD symptoms and were glad that they had pursued bilateral surgery.

Conclusion: In patients with bilateral SCDS, sound-and pressure-induced vertigo most commonly prompted second-side surgery. Despite some degree of oscillopsia after bilateral SCDS surgery, patients were very satisfied with second-side surgery, given their

relief from other SCDS symptoms.”
“Purpose: Comparisons of bladder, rectal and tympanic temperatures versus pulmonary artery (PA) temperature during different therapeutic hypothermia (TH) phases.

Methods: Twenty-one patients admitted to our emergency department (ED) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests were included in this study. For comparison, the temperature of four different sites, urinary bladder (BL), rectal (RE), tympanic membrane (TM) digital thermometers, and a Swan-Ganz catheter were used during TH, which were controlled by a surface cooling method. TH is divided learn more into three phases: induction, maintenance, and rewarming phase.

Results: In the induction phase, the mean differences between PA temperatures and those of the other methods studied were: BL (-0.24 +/- 1.30 degrees C), RE (-0.52 +/- 1.40 degrees C), and TM (1.11 +/- 1.53 degrees C). The mean differences between PA temperatures and those of the other methods in the maintenance

phase were BL (0.06 +/- 0.79 degrees C), RE (-0.30 +/- 1.16 degrees C), and TM (1.12 +/- 1.29 degrees C); in the rewarming phase: BL (0.08 +/- 0.86 degrees C), RE (-0.03 +/- 1.71 degrees C), and TM (0.89 +/- 1.62 degrees C); and in the total phase: BL (0.04 +/- 0.90 degrees C), RE (-0.22 +/- 1.44 degrees C), and TM (1.03 +/- 1.47 degrees C).

Conclusions: The mean difference between BL and PA temperatures is lower than those in other sites during TH. On the contrary, there are larger differences between NSC23766 datasheet TM and PA temperatures when compared to other sites. The differences between RE and PA temperatures are comparatively less than those between TM and PA. However, RE temperature tends to be higher than the temperature recorded by a BL thermometer or Swan-Ganz catheter during the rapid induction phase. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and objective: Airway bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the management of COPD, a disease mainly caused by cigarette smoking. However, the mechanisms of impaired airway mucosal innate immunity against bacteria in COPD remain unclear.

Methods: Patients from a single center who had CTX from 1990 to 2007 and who were converted to sirolimus and a dose-reduced CNI were compared to group-matched ACY-738 ic50 controls maintained on CNI and an antiproliferative agent.

Results: One hundred and fifty-five patients (79 sirolimus and 76 controls) were included and had similar baseline characteristics. Sirolimus was started a mean of 1429 d post-CTX and maintained for a

mean of 823 d. Reason for conversion to sirolimus was renal insufficiency (34%), vasculopathy (29%), recurrent rejection (19%), and other (18%). The eGFR was not different between groups at baseline (44.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2) vs. 46.0, p = 0.64) or at any point during follow-up: 90 d, 180 d, 1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr.

Conclusion: Patients converted to a regimen of sirolimus and a dosed-reduced CNI have stable renal function over the following

three yr, but do not have an improvement in renal outcomes compared to patients maintained on full dose CNI.”
“Background: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory tract illness in young children and causes annual outbreaks in winter and spring seasons. We evaluated the subgroups of HMPV that caused annual outbreaks and its seasonal occurrence during a 21-year period.

Methods: Real-time PCR was used for detection of HMPV in 3576 nasopharyngeal aspirates that had been continuously collected year-round for the years 1987 to 2008 from infants hospitalized with acute respiratory tract illness. Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess HMPV subgroups.

Results: find more Of the 3576 samples obtained, 202 (5.6%) tested positive for HMPV. All known HMPV subgroups (A1,

A2a, A2b, B1, B2) could be identified as important respiratory tract pathogens in infants. We found that one HMPV subgroup predominated each year, and it was displaced by another subgroup every 1 to 3 years. Besides the frequent change in predominant HMPV subgroups, we observed a yearly shift in the seasonal occurrence, with a strong peak of HMPV activity in late spring-summer months every second year.

Conclusion: HMPV activity is characterized by a periodic change in the predominant subgroup and it buy MX69 shows a stable seasonal rhythm of alternating winter and spring activity.”
“We report on the optical properties of high-quanlity ZnCdO/ZnO single quantum well (SQW) grown on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) of ZnO/ZnCdO SQWs exhibits an inconspicuous S-shaped property due to the weak carrier localization effect, as a consequence of the slightly inhomogeneous Cd distribution in the well layer as well as the smooth interfaces. The integrated PL intensity of the higher Cd SQW decreases faster than that of the lower sample with increasing temperature, indicating the presence of interface barrier in high Cd content SQWs. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.