“
“The present work focuses on the study of catalytic activity of polystyrene-supported p-toluenesulfonic acid (PS/PTSA) and the synthesis of alpha-aminophosphonates

from the Kabachnik-Fields (KF) reaction under microwave irradiation in solvent-free conditions. Recently, the catalytic activity of PS/PTSA was tested with good yields. This procedure is the simplest, most straightforward, environment friendly method for the synthesis of alpha-aminophosphonates from simple to different substituted aldehyde substrates. Furthermore, this catalyst can be recovered and reused without loss of its catalytic activity.”
“The 16S rRNA sequence analysis and biochemical characteristics https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html were confirmed that the isolated bacterium is Pseudomonas sp. LBC1. The commonly used textile dye, Direct Brown MR has been used to study the fate of biodegradation. Pseudomonas sp. LBC1 showed 90% decolorization of Direct Brown MR (100 mg/L) and textile industry effluent with significant reduction in COD and BOD. The optimum condition for decolorization was 7.0 pH and 40 degrees C. Significant increase in a activity VX-680 in vivo of extracellular laccase suggested their possible involvement in decolorization of Direct Brown MR. Biodegradation metabolites viz. 3,6-dihydroxy benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-7-aminonaphthol-3-sulfonic

acid, and p-dihydroperoxybenzene were identified on the basis of mass spectra and using the 1.10 beta Shimadzu NIST GC-MS library. The Direct Brown MR and textile industry effluent were toxic to Sorghum bicolor and Vigna radiata plants as compared to metabolites obtained after decolorization. The Pseudomonas sp. LBC1 could be useful strain for decolorization and detoxification

of textile dyes as well as textile industry effluent.”
“The 20S proteasome (20S) is an intracellular threonine proteinase (Mr 750,000) that plays important roles in many cellular regulations. Several synthetic peptide inhibitors and bacteria-derived inhibitors such as lactacystin and epoxomicin have been identified as potent proteasome inhibitors. However, essentially no protein proteinase inhibitor has been characterized. By examining several small size protein proteinase inhibitors, we found that Kinase Inhibitor Library a well-known serine proteinase inhibitor from bovine pancreas, basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), inhibits the 20S in vitro and ex vivo. Inhibition of the 20S by BPTI was time- and concentration-dependent, and stoichiometric. To inhibit the 20S activity, BPTI needs to enter into the interior of the 20S molecule. The molar ratio of BPTI to the 20S in the complex was estimated as approximately six BPTI to one 20S, thereby two sets of three peptidase activities (trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like) of the 20S were all inhibited.

The mean-maximum error between artificial segments on images and actual anatomical segments was 3.81 +/- 1.37 cm. The correlation between radiological segmenting method and actual anatomy was poor. The hepatic segments being divided strictly according to the branching point of the PV could be more informative HDAC activity assay during liver segmental resection. Clin. Anat. 2013. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Physical-layer (PHY) cooperation is a technique for achieving multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)-like performance improvements on small devices that cannot support antenna arrays. Devices in a network transmit on behalf of their neighbors to act as “virtual MIMO”

antennas. Since small devices are typically battery constrained, PHY cooperation immediately leads to the following question related to the energy efficiency (bits per joule) of devices: Is the performance improvement worth the extra energy costs of transmitting for others? Through an in-depth hardware test-bed study, we find that PHY cooperation can improve energy efficiency by as much as 320%, or it can reduce energy efficiency by as much as 25%, depending upon topology. With this performance gap in mind, we propose the distributed CX-6258 order energy-conserving cooperation (DECC) protocol. DECC tunes the amount of effort that each device dedicates to providing cooperative assistance for others so that the energy that each device

spends on cooperation is commensurate with the personal benefits that are received by that device. With DECC, users can tune their level of cooperation with completely node-localized decision-making. Thus, DECC allows nodes to tap into a large energy-efficiency benefit, suffering only a bounded preset loss when this benefit is not available.”
“The 5′-3′ resection of DNA ends is a prerequisite for the repair of DNA double strand breaks by homologous recombination, microhomology-mediated end joining, and single strand annealing. Recent studies in yeast have

shown that, following initial DNA end processing by MLN8237 cost the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex and Sae2, the extension of resection tracts is mediated either by exonuclease 1 or by combined activities of the RecQ family DNA helicase Sgs1 and the helicase/endonuclease Dna2. Although human DNA2 has been shown to cooperate with the BLM helicase to catalyze the resection of DNA ends, it remains a matter of debate whether another human RecQ helicase, WRN, can substitute for BLM in DNA2-catalyzed resection. Here we present evidence that WRN and BLM act epistatically with DNA2 to promote the long-range resection of double strand break ends in human cells. Our biochemical experiments show that WRN and DNA2 interact physically and coordinate their enzymatic activities to mediate 5′-3′ DNA end resection in a reaction dependent on RPA. In addition, we present in vitro and in vivo data suggesting that BLM promotes DNA end resection as part of the BLM-TOPOIII alpha-RMI1-RMI2 complex.

In contrast to TNF-alpha and IL-6, the surfactant components upregulate LPS-mediated immunoregulatory

BIBF 1120 solubility dmso IL-10 production, an effect reversed by IRAK-M knockdown. In conclusion, these data identify an important signaling regulator in human macrophages that is used by surfactant to control the long-term alveolar inflammatory response, i.e., enhanced IRAK-M activity.”
“Morphogenesis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is still only partially understood. We have characterized the role of HCMV tegument protein pUL71 in viral replication and morphogenesis. By using a rabbit antibody raised against the C terminus of pUL71, we could detect the protein in infected cells, as well as in virions showing a molecular mass Blebbistatin mouse of approximately 48 kDa. The expression of pUL71, detected as early as 48 h postinfection, was not blocked by the antiviral drug foscarnet, indicating an early expression. The role of pUL71 during virus replication was investigated by construction and analysis

of a UL71 stop mutant (TBstop71). The mutant could be reconstituted on noncomplementing cells proving that pUL71 is nonessential for virus replication in human fibroblasts. However, the inhibition of pUL71 expression resulted in a severe growth defect, as reflected by an up to 16-fold reduced extracellular virus yield after a high-multiplicity infection and a small-plaque phenotype. Ultrastructural analysis of cells infected with TBstop71 virus revealed an increased number of nonenveloped

nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm, many of them at different stages of envelopment, indicating that final envelopment of nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm was affected. In addition, enlarged multivesicular bodies buy AR-13324 (MVBs) were found in close proximity to the viral assembly compartment, suggesting that pUL71 affects MVBs during virus infection. The observation of numerous TBstop71 virus particles attached to MVB membranes and budding processes into MVBs indicated that these membranes can be used for final envelopment of HCMV.”
“Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of total enteral nutrition and total parenteral nutrition in prevention of pancreatic necrotic infection in severe acute pancreatitis.\n\nMethods: One hundred seven patients were enrolled in the study between 2003 and 2007. In the first week of hospitalization, they were randomized to feeding by either total parenteral nutrition (54 patients) or total enteral nutrition (53 patients). All patients were concomitantly administered with sufficient prophylactic antibiotics. Computed tomographic scan and C-reactive protein level indicated a similar clinical severity in both groups.\n\nResults: Eighty percent of the patients developed organ failure in the group with total parenteral nutrition, which was higher than that in the group with total enteral nutrition (21%). Eighty percent and 22% (P < 0.

It revealed significantly improved magnetic moment (SQUID) with isotropic hyperfine splitting of six line spectrum (EPR). The high-oxidation state and incorporated-ligands of the metals present on the active surface of the NPs led to development of a general catalytic process for oxidative heterodifunctionalisation to C-C triple bond towards formation of a new O-C/N-C/S-C and C-C coupling cum cyclisation to biologically important flavones and their aza- and marcapto-analogues, and valuable enaloxy synthons.”
“This study investigated if feG-COOH would decrease allergen-induced airway inflammation.\n\nSeven adult cats sensitised to Bermuda

grass allergen (BGA) to induce an asthmatic AZD1208 cell line phenotype.\n\nCats were randomized to receive either feG-COOH (1 mg/kg, PO) or placebo (saline 1 ml, PO) immediately prior to BGA aerosol

challenge in a cross-over design.\n\nBronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and airway inflammatory response assessed via inflammatory cell number and type; IL-4, IFN-gamma and nitric oxide metabolite concentrations. A paired t test was used to compare parameters with a P < 0.05 considered significant.\n\nThe BALF eosinophil percentage was significantly lower in asthmatic cats treated with feG compared with placebo (placebo, 35.3 +/- A 12.2%; feG, 22.4 +/- A 8.6%; P = 0.002). Treatment Selleck Fludarabine with feG did not result in a significant change in any other parameter measured.\n\nThese data indicate that a single dose of feG-COOH partially attenuates eosinophilic airway inflammation in experimental feline asthma.”
“Epilepsy surgery began in China from

the 1950s to the 1960s, after the People’s Republic of China was established (hereinafter as China). However, its rapid growth occurred in recent 10 years with the implement of reform and open policy. The growth is mainly manifested in basic and clinical aspects. As for clinical development, the qualities and quantities of epilepsy surgery have been to an increasing trend gradually. A survey undertaken by the China Association Against Epilepsy (CAAE) in June 2006 at the major six cities in different parts of the country showed a dramatic increase particularly in the years 2004 and PLX4032 order 2006. Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy accounts for half of the operation and it has played an important role in the treatment of the drug resistant epilepsy. With large population and vast geographical spread, it is important to further develop the service, especially for the pediatric epilepsy surgery in China, because the earlier operation for patients with real intractable epilepsy, the better outcome with seizure control and neuropsychologic recovery.”
“The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila hijacks the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles to create an organelle designated Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) required for bacterial replication.

“
“Background/Aims: Cetuximab is a chimeric antibody registered for the therapy of advanced colorectal carcinoma. Among the side-effects of

cetuximab hypomagnesaemia has been described, but the information is still limited. Methodology: We have evaluated retrospectively serum magnesium, potassium, calcium, creatinine and albumin in 51 consecutive patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma treated with cetuximab, mostly combined with irinotecan-based combination chemotherapy. Results: A significant decrease of SBE-β-CD research buy serum magnesium, potassium, calcium and corrected serum calcium, creatinine and albumin concentrations was already evident one week after the start of treatment. Hypomagnesaemia of any grade was detected in 56% of evaluable patients, but grade 3 or grade 4 hypomagnesaemia was observed in 6% and 4% of patients, respectively. Grade 1 hypokalemia Caspase inhibitor was detected in 47%, grade 3 in 17% and grade 4 hypokalemia

was detected in 6% of the patients. Among evaluable patients grade 1 hypocalcaemia was detected in (36%), grade 2 hypocalcaemia in 42%, grade 3 in 4% and grade 4 in 13% of patients. Baseline hypocalcaemia of grade 1 or higher was associated with significantly inferior survival. Conclusions: Asymptomatic hypomagnesaemia, hypokalemia and hypocalcaemia are common in metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients treated with cetuximab. Hypocalcaemia is a predictor of poor prognosis.”
“Objective. The kidney has been proposed to play a central role in apo AI catabolism, suggesting that HDL structure is determined,

at least in part, by this organ. Here, we aimed at determining the effects of a renal mass reduction on HDL size distribution, lipid content, and apo AI turnover.\n\nMethods. We characterized HDL subclasses in rabbits with a 75% reduction of functional renal mass (Nptx group), using enzymatic staining of samples separated on polyacrylamide electrophoresis selleck compound gels, and also performed kinetic studies using radiolabeled HDL-apo AI in this animal model.\n\nResults. Creatinine clearance was reduced to 35% after nephrectomy as compared to the basal values, but without increased proteinuria. A slight, but significant modification of the relative HDL size distribution was observed after nephrectomy, whereas cholesterol plasma concentrations gradually augmented from large HDL2b (+54%) to small HDL3b particles (+150%, P<0.05). Cholesteryl esters were the increased fraction; in contrast, free cholesterol phospholipids and triglycerides of HDL subclasses were not affected by nephrectomy. HDL-apo AI fractional catabolic rates were similar to controls.\n\nConclusion. Reduction of functional renal mass is associated to enrichment of HDL subclasses with cholesteryl esters.

These findings offer the possibility that MgNPs-Fe3O4-low dose DTX combination therapy may be effective in treating prostate cancer with limited adverse effects.”
“Although the knowledge of the effects of bacterial colonization on https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ferrostatin-1-fer-1.html the immune system is rapidly expanding, surprisingly little is known about the immunological mechanisms that shape the intestinal microbial community. Specifically, the complexity of the intestinal microbiota and what constitutes a “healthy” microbial composition has only recently been addressed, facilitated by large-scale metagenomic screens. Containment of such a vast number of different microbes requires tight regulation at the mucosal surface.

While beneficial selleck inhibitor relationships must not be compromised, invading pathogenic bacteria must be dealt with in order to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will address the latest insights into the role of the mucosal immune system in the control of the microbiota.”
“Background. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains the most common and critical viral infection that occurs after liver transplantation (LT). The current set of guidelines recommends prophylaxis over a preemptive therapy for pediatric LT; however, the data regarding the optimal approach after LT in children are limited.\n\nMethods.

We conducted a universal preemptive therapy for CMV infection in 113 children (median: 16 months) after live-donor LT at the largest pediatric LT center in Japan between November 2005 and August 2009. CMV-pp65 antigenemia was monitored weekly regardless of the subjects’ CMV serostatus after LT, and ganciclovir therapy was initiated when CMV-pp65 antigenemia was positive.\n\nResults. The overall success rate of LT was 91.7%. CMV-pp65 antigenemia became positive in 37 (33%) recipients, and the positivity with their CMV serostatus was as follows: donor (D)+/recipient (R)-: 62%, D+/R+: 36%, D+/R+ : 11%, and

D-/R-: 8%. Among the D+/R- (n = 29) and D+/R+ (n = 44) recipients, 38% (n = 11) and 64% (n = 28) recipients were able selleck kinase inhibitor to avoid the use of ganciclovir, respectively. Human CMV disease was documented in six (5%) recipients, and they were successfully treated with ganciclovir without any sequelae.\n\nConclusions. Auniversal preemptive therapy for CMV infection after live-donor LT was successful for reducing the use of antiviral agents and for controlling CMV infection and disease in children.”
“We present a study of the static and dynamic structure factor of polyisobutylene (PIB) by fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The reliability of the simulated cell is first assured by computing the magnitudes measured by diffraction and neutron spin echo techniques on a fully deuterated sample and directly comparing the results with those previously obtained from experiments [Farago, B.; et al. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 65, 051803].

We analyzed a series of seven ALK rearranged cancers, six KMT2A rearranged Leukemias, PF-6463922 and 77 ALK/KMT2A rearrangement-negative cancers, previously tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rearrangement detection was tested using publicly available software tools, including Breakdancer, ClusterFAST, CREST, and Hydra. Using Breakdancer and ClusterFAST, we detected

ALK rearrangements in seven of seven FISH-positive cases and KMT2A rearrangements in six of six FISH-positive cases. Among the 77 ALK/KMT2A FISH-negative cases, no false-positive identifications were made by Breakdancer or ClusterFAST. Further, we identified one ALK rearranged case with a noncanonical intron 16 breakpoint, which is Likely to affect its response to targeted inhibitors. We report that clinically relevant chromosomal rearrangements can be detected from targeted gene panel-based next-generation sequencing with sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of FISH while providing finer-scale information and increased efficiency for molecular oncology testing.”
“Normal cellular development and function require tight spatiotemporal control of actin assembly. Formins are potent actin assembly BTK inhibitor nmr factors that protect the growing ends of actin filaments from capping proteins. However, it is unresolved

how the duration of formin-mediated actin assembly events Is controlled, whether formins are actively displaced from growing ends, and how filament length is regulated in vivo. Here, we identify Bud14 as a high-affinity inhibitor of the yeast formin Bnr1 that rapidly displaces the Bnr1 FH2 domain from growing barbed ends. Consistent with these activities, bud14 Delta cells display fewer actin cables, which are aberrantly long, bent, and latrunculinA resistant, leading to defects in secretory vesicle movement. Moreover, bud14 Delta suppressed mutations that cause abnormally numerous VE-821 purchase and shortened cables, restoring wild-type actin architecture. From these

results, we propose that formin displacement factors regulate filament length and are required in vivo to maintain proper actin network architecture and function.”
“Background: Tubal factor remains a common cause of infertility. The association of HIV infection and tubal infertility is a cause for concern. Objective: To determine hysterosalpingographic tubal abnormalities and HIV infection among patients with tubal infertility. Results: Over a 4-year period, 207 patients were analyzed. Of these, 174 (84.1%) presented with secondary infertility and 33 (15.9%) with primary infertility. The patients’ age range was 21-48 years and mean age was 36.2 years. One hundred and two (49.3%) patients had a history of induced abortion. Concordant bilateral tubal occlusion was found in 139 (67.2%) patients while 68 (32.8%) had discordant bilateral tubal occlusion. Of the 414 fallopian tubes studied, proximal tubal occlusion was found in 66 (15.

This study aimed to determine the quantity and proliferative capacity of circulating CD133(+)VEGFR2(+) and CD34(+)VEGFR2(+) cells in patients with beta-thalassaemia major and those after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and their relationships with arterial function. Brachial arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid arterial stiffness, the quantity of these circulating cells and their number of colony-forming SBE-β-CD units (CFUs) were determined in 17 transfusion-dependent thalassaemia

patients, 14 patients after HSCT and 11 controls. Compared with controls, both patient groups had significantly lower FMD and greater arterial stiffness. Despite having increased CD133(+)VEGFR2(+) and CD34(+)VEGFR2(+) cells, transfusion-dependent patients had significantly reduced CFUs compared with https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html controls (p = 0.002). There was a trend of increasing CFUs across the three groups with decreasing iron load (p = 0.011). The CFUs correlated with brachial FMD (p = 0.029) and arterial stiffness (p = 0.02), but not with serum ferritin level. Multiple linear regression showed that CFU was a significant determinant of FMD (p = 0.043) and arterial stiffness (p = 0.02) after

adjustment of age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure and serum ferritin level. In conclusion, arterial dysfunction found in patients with beta-thalassaemia major before and after HSCT may be related to impaired proliferation of CD133(+)VEGFR2(+) and CD34(+)VEGFR2(+) cells.”
“In this paper, we propose a stochastic model of photoplethysmographic signals that is able to synthesize an arbitrary number of other statistically equivalent signals to the one under analysis. To that end, GW4869 we first preprocess the pulse signal to normalize and time-align pulses. In a second stage, we design a single-pulse model, which consists of ten parameters. In the third stage, the time evolution of this ten-parameter vector is approximated by means

of two autoregressive moving average models, one for the trend and one for the residue; this model is applied after a decorrelation step which let us to process each vector component in parallel. The experiments carried out show that the model we here propose is able to maintain the main features of the original signal; this is accomplished by means of both a linear spectral analysis and also by comparing two measures obtained from a nonlinear analysis. Finally, we explore the capability of the model to: 1) track physical activity; 2) obtain statistics of clinical parameters by model sampling; and 3) recover corrupted or missing signal epochs by synthesis.”
“The maximal shortening velocity of a muscle (V(max)) provides a link between its macroscopic properties and the underlying biochemical reactions and is altered in some diseases. Two methods that are widely used for determining V(max) are afterloaded and isotonic release contractions.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol was used for determining antimicrobial activity. Thus the essential oil from this species can be utilized as potential chemotherapeutic agent.”
“At the frontlines, members of Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association (HPNA) are advocating for better outcomes for patients and their families, improving education for caregivers, Etomoxir and developing new knowledge in caring for their patients with life-limiting conditions. The purpose of this research was to assess core competencies deemed most important by HPNA members by assessing the quantity and quality of continuing education, personal effectiveness, and the level of commitment to end-of-life or

palliative care by the nurse’s employer. A validated and replicated survey was mailed to 4022 HPNA members, with a nationally representative return rate of 31.2%. The main research variable was ranking of end-of-life care GW4869 purchase competencies and perceived gaps in palliative care continuing education. Nearly all of the respondents indicated that palliative care continuing education was important and nearly 80% of the respondents had 7 or more hours of specific continuing education in the preceding 2 years. Ninety-six percent of the respondents believe they are adequately prepared to effectively care for an individual with a life-limiting condition. Symptom management

was the top-rated core competency, although pain management and how to talk to patients and families about dying were also frequently selected. HPNA nurse respondents are comfortable with the quantity and quality of orientation selleck products and continuing education within their scopes of practice in palliative care.”
“The commensal fungus Candida albicans

secretes a considerable number of proteins and, as in different fungal pathogens, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been observed. Our report contains the first proteomic analysis of EVs in C. albicans and a comparative proteomic study of the soluble secreted proteins. With this purpose, cell-free culture supernatants from C. albicans were separated into EVs and EV-free supernatant and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. A total of 96 proteins were identified including 75 and 61 proteins in EVs and EV-free supernatant, respectively. Out of these, 40 proteins were found in secretome by proteomic analysis for the first time. The soluble proteins were enriched in cell wall and secreted pathogenesis related proteins. Interestingly, more than 90% of these EV-free supernatant proteins were classical secretory proteins with predicted N-terminal signal peptide, whereas all the leaderless proteins involved in metabolism, including some moonlighting proteins, or in the exocytosis and endocytosis process were exclusively cargo of the EVs. We propose a model of the different mechanisms used by C. albicans secreted proteins to reach the extracellular medium.

These data suggest that LE has a protective influence on the process of colon carcinogenesis, suppressing Cell Cycle inhibitor both the initiation and the promotion of colonic carcinogenesis.”
“Objective. To prospectively evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and utility of orbital and transorbital endoscopic surgery.\n\nStudy Design. Case series with planned

data collection.\n\nSetting. Level 1 trauma center and tertiary academic hospital.\n\nSubjects and Methods. Consecutive sample of 107 patients undergoing orbital or transorbital endoscopic operations.\n\nMain Outcome Measures. Ability to achieve intraoperative goals using endoscopic approach; occurrence of predetermined intraoperative or postoperative complications.\n\nResults. One hundred seven patients (aged 6-83 years) underwent orbital or transorbital endoscopic surgery for 6 different indications. Seven incisions were used. Endoscopic orbitotomies were made through all 4 orbital walls to access surrounding structures. Intraoperative goals were achieved endoscopically in 106 patients. Mean follow-up was 3 months (mean +/- SD, 3.0 +/- 3.5).

No complication was directly related to surgical approach or use of endoscopy. Seventeen complications were detected in 2 categories: persistent diplopia and persistent vision change. No patient had vision loss. No nonfracture patient suffered a CFTR inhibitor complication. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no difference in surgical success rates when compared with transnasal and transantral medial orbital wall and orbital floor repair and cerebrospinal fluid leak repair. Endoscopic visualization was advantageous in several respects: superior visualization and lighting, particularly posterior to the equator of the globe; image magnification; and video monitoring for education and operating room staff involvement. It also facilitated surgical navigation and computer-aided P5091 reconstruction.\n\nConclusion. Orbital and transorbital endoscopy are versatile, effective, and safe approaches useful for addressing diverse urgent and elective problems. In appropriate clinical

situations, these procedures may offer better access and visualization than open or transnasal approaches.”
“Tree canopies are architecturally complex and pose several challenges for measuring and characterizing spatial patterns of disease. Recently developed methods for fine-scale canopy mapping and three-dimensional spatial pattern analysis were applied in a 3-year study to characterize spatio-temporal development of pre-harvest brown rot of peach, caused by Monilinia fructicola, in 13 trees of different maturity classes. We observed a negative correlation between an index of disease aggregation and disease incidence in the same tree (r = -0.653, P < 0.0001), showing that trees with higher brown rot incidence had lower aggregation of affected fruit in their canopies. Significant (P a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand 0.