9 12.6 21.4 16.4 23.9 20.9 2.1 <0.001 Previous vertebral fracture 6.8 9.6 6.0 5.8 9.3 7.0 1.7 <0.001 Family history of hip fracture 15.4 7.3 8.9 18.6 26.9 15.6 3.7 <0.001 Immobility 3.0 0.7 0.4 0.9 10.7 2.9 26.8 <0.001 Low body

weight (<60 kg) 19.0 17.0 13.1 13.8 8.6 14.4 2.2 <0.001 Use of corticosteroids 0.7 7.4 0.2 1.6 5.0 2.2 37.0 <0.001 Fall risk (%)                 Fall in preceding 12 months 20.5 21.8 3.7 14.4 No datac 14.1 5.9 <0.001 Fracture due to fall from standing height 80.6 91.1 81.5 81.3 51.0 77.2 1.8 <0.001 Prevalence aetiology of the fracture (%)                 Accident at home 28.2 58.4 31.5 34.9 42.8 34.7 2.1 <0.001 Accident at work 1.6 0.2 1.4 2.0 2.6 1.7 10.0 0.021 Fall accident 80.6 91.1 81.5 81.3 51.0 77.2 5.9 <0.001 Traffic accident 11.0 23.3 ARN-509 chemical structure 14.4 26.9 7.7 16.0 3.5 <0.001 Sport accident 4.0 3.0 5.7 7.1 4.5 5.1 2.4 <0.001 Aetiology unknown 4.7 8.0 3.8 2.1 1.6 3.6 5.0 <0.001 Aetiology other 6.8 0.5 17.5 6.6 2.8 7.9 35.0 <0.001 aRR is calculated as a ratio between the highest en the lowest prevalence of CRFs, fall risk and prevalence of aetiology of the fracture b P value is calculated by using chi-square, Student’s t test and ANOVA and refers to a comparison between the five FLSs cOne FLS inquired into fall risk assessment with a different question Patient characteristics Of the 7,199 patients, 76.7% were women. Mean age was 66.7 years (SD, 10.0).The number of patients

included varied between 15 CRT0066101 research buy and 47/month/centre. The fracture nurse spends between 16 and 24 h/week at the FLS and therefore the time per patient varied between 0.9 and 1.7 h per patient. Data on fracture locations were only available for patients seen at the FLS. No records were available on patients who did not consult the FLS. The majority of examined patients sustained a distal radius/ulna fracture (n = 1,828, 26.1%).

Hip and tibia/fibula fractures occurred in 397 (5.7%) and 900 (12.9%) patients, respectively and humerus fractures in 854 (12.2%). Most frequent fractures in women were radius/ulna fractures (n = 1,582; 29.5%), humerus fractures (n = 702; 13.1%) and fractures of the foot (n = 634; 11.8%) (Table 3). Men sustained selleck inhibitor primarily hand fractures (n = 264; 16.1%), radius/ulna fractures (n = 246; 15.0%) and Succinyl-CoA foot fractures (n = 186; 11.3%) (Table 3). Table 3 Frequencies of fracture according to gender   Women Men All P value Fracture sites (%)       <0.001  • Major 15.6 15.6 15.6    • Minor 71.6 65.1 70.1    • Hip 5.3 7.0 5.7    • Fingers/Toes 7.6 12.3 8.7           <0.001  • Hip 5.3 7.0 5.7    • Humerus 13.1 9.3 12.2    • Distal radius/ulna 29.5 15.0 26.1    • Tibia/fibula 12.2 15.1 12.9    • Other 40.0 53.6 43.2   Significant differences between FLSs were found for major fractures (13.4–18.1%), minor fractures (65.5–78.5%), hip fractures (1.0–7.6%) and fractures of fingers or toes (0.9–12.6%) (p < 0.001 between FLSs) (Table 2).

We suggest that the vesicle associated release of CDT proteins is a common feature among C. jejuni strains. In this context it is PLX3397 cell line also relevant to mention that a recent proteomic study showed the CDT protein was found to be associated with OMVs derived from the pathogenic E. coli strain IHE3034 [44]. OMV-associated CDT is biologically active CDTs constitute

a family of genetically related bacterial protein toxins able to stop the proliferation of many different cultured cell lines. The primary effect of the CDTs, regardless of their bacterial origin, is eukaryotic cell cycle arrest at the G2/M stage with resultant cessation of cell division [17]. Since we could detect all CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC subunits in vesicle samples from C. jejuni strain 81-176, we click here decided to test whether the CDT complex was active in such preparations. Earlier studies described that a purified CdtB on its own had no effect on HeLa cells, but when it was combined with CdtA and CdtC the HeLa cells showed cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase [45]. Results from other studies also indicate that CdtB internalization is necessary for CAL-101 mouse toxicity [46]. In their study, they demonstrated that purified CdtB converts supercoiled plasmid DNA to relaxed and linear forms and promotes cell cycle arrest when combined with an E. coli extract containing CdtA and CdtC

whereas CdtB alone had no effect on HeLa cells. However introduction of the CdtB polypeptide into HeLa cells by electroporation resulted in cellular distension, chromatin fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest, all of which are consequences of CDT action [46]. In the present study we used a human ileocecum

carcinoma cell line (HCT8) instead of the HeLa cell line. We considered that for the analysis of C. jejuni infection, a cell line representing the intestinal epithelium might be more relevant. In order to analyze how cultured HCT8 cells were affected by OMVs containing CDT, the cells were treated with the vesicle samples obtained from the C. jejuni wild type strain 81-176 and from the cdtA mutant strain DS104 L-NAME HCl (Figure 8A). The CDT-containing vesicle preparations from strain 81-176 induced a distinct enlargement of the HCT8 cells (Figure 8A, panel C&D) that was not observed in case of vesicles from the cdtA::km mutant (Figure 8A, panel E&F). As a means to quantify the effect of the OMVs on cell cycle arrest we measured the incorporation of [3H]-labeled thymidine by the HCT8 cells that had been treated with OMVs. The thymidine incorporation data clearly indicated that OMVs with CDT caused cell cycle arrest and the level of incorporation was reduced to ca 20% when monitored after 48 h of incubation (Figure 8B). Figure 8 Analyses of biological activities of CDT. (A) Cytolethal distending effect by OMVs on HCT8 cells.

A better understanding of these mechanisms

is required in order to facilitate the development of appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the burden of C. jejuni-associated diseases [13]. Aquatic environments are reservoirs for C. jejuni[7, 14, 15] and contaminated drinking water has been implicated in several C. SGC-CBP30 concentration jejuni outbreaks [16–18]. Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoebae which can be found widely in water [19–21]. They have evolved efficient mechanisms to phagocytose and kill bacteria that they use as a source of nutrients Cilengitide nmr [22, 23]. However, the relationship of amoeba with bacteria can be complex. We and others have indicated that amoebae can promote the survival of C. jejuni[24–28] and our study specifically showed that the bulk of this growth was extracellular. We also showed that while the majority of internalized C. jejuni does not survive ingestion by A. castellanii

beyond 5 h, a very small number of bacterial cells are able to survive intracellularly and are thereby protected from external disinfectant killing during this time frame [27]. During this period, chicks may still get contaminated by Campylobacter from infected amoebae present in the water source, as it has been reported that intra-amoeba Campylobacter can colonize broiler chickens and may represent a significant environmental source of transmission [29]. Although the mechanisms of survival of C. jejuni outside the host are not fully understood, it has been proposed that stress-adapted C. jejuni can survive environmental stresses better than non-stressed cells MDV3100 molecular weight [10, 30]. Likewise, pre-exposure to stress may affect the interaction of stressed C. jejuni cells with find more amoeba. To date, little is known about the interaction of stressed C. jejuni

and A. castellanii, but this needs to be investigated as both of these organisms occupy a similar ecological habitat [21, 31, 32]. The importance of the interplay between C. jejuni and amoeba under stress conditions was recently highlighted by the fact that co-incubation with amoeba increases acid tolerance and survival of C. jejuni[24, 26, 27, 33]. Therefore, the interactions between C. jejuni and Acanthamoeba are relevant to the transmission of C. jejuni from the environment to new hosts. Several genes and the encoded proteins have been shown to be important for C. jejuni to adapt to environmental changes and to facilitate its interactions with eukaryotic cells. Examples of potential relevance to this study are the CiaB protein, which enhances invasion of eukaryotic cells [34, 35], and the HtrA protein that degrades and prevents aggregation of periplasmic proteins that misfold during stress [36, 37]. Another example is DnaJ, which aids in protein folding and plays a role in C. jejuni thermotolerance and in chicken colonization [11, 38]. Transcription of dnaJ is up-regulated upon temperature stress [12].

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Conclusions Ischemic conditioning seems to prevent HIF-1α mRNA induction in the rat liver after ischemia and reperfusion. This suggests that the protective effects of ischemic

conditioning do not involve the HIF-1 system. On the other hand, the magnitude of the HIF-1α response might be a marker for the degree of I/R injuries after liver ischemia. APR-246 Further studies need to be performed to elucidate this matter. Acknowledgements The excellent technical assistance by Karen Mathiassen and Kirsten Nyborg is highly appreciated. The work was supported by the Health Research Fund of Central Denmark Region, Danish Medical Research Council, the Eva and Henry Frænkels Memorial Foundation and the Clinical Institute, University of Aarhus, Denmark. References 1. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, Brennan MF, Blumgart LH: Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. AnnSurg 1999, 230:309–318. 2. Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Ellis V, Pollock R, Broglio KR, Hess K, Curley SA: Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. AnnSurg 2004, CP673451 solubility dmso 239:818–825. 3. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, Andres A, Eng C, Curley SA, Loyer

EM, Muratore A, Mentha G, et al.: Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. AnnSurg 2005, 241:715–722. discussion 4. Kooby DA, Stockman J, Ben-Porat L, Gonen M, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP, Tuorto S, Wuest D, Blumgart LH, Fong Y: Influence of transfusions on perioperative and long-term outcome in patients following hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. AnnSurg 2003, 237:860–869. 5. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Ben-Porat L, Little S, Corvera C, Weber S, Blumgart LH: Improvement in perioperative outcome after hepatic Parvulin resection: analysis of 1,803 consecutive cases over the past decade. AnnSurg 2002, 236:397–406. 6. Rosen CB,

Nagorney DM, Taswell HF, Helgeson SL, Ilstrup DM, van Heerden JA, Adson MA: Perioperative blood transfusion and determinants of survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. AnnSurg 1992, 216:493–504. 7. van der Bilt JD, Livestro DP, Borren A, van HR, Borel RI: European survey on the application of vascular clamping in liver surgery. Dig Surg 2007, 24:423–435.PubMedCrossRef 8. Delva E, Camus Y, Nordlinger B, Hannoun L, Parc R, Deriaz H, Selumetinib concentration Lienhart A, Huguet C: Vascular occlusions for liver resections. Operative management and tolerance to hepatic ischemia: 142 cases. Ann Surg 1989, 209:211–218. 9. Hannoun L, Borie D, Delva E, Jones D, Vaillant JC, Nordlinger B, Parc R: Liver resection with normothermic ischaemia exceeding 1 h. Br J Surg 1993, 80:1161–1165.PubMedCrossRef 10.

The main concerns are the reactivity and unstability of reactants, the problem of dilution and the possibility of cross reactions with amino acids (glycine is one of the main products obtained in experiments spark discharges). To overcome these problems, it has been hypothesized that water freezing could generate adequate conditions for the reaction, thanks to the exclusion of solutes to concentrated interstitial brines in the ice matrix (Orgel, 2004). Following this hypothesis, cytosine and uracil were synthesized from cyanoacetaldehyde and urea in freezing solution (Cleaves et al. 2006). Here we report an efficient selleck screening library synthesis of cytosine and VS-4718 uracil

from urea 0.1 M in water and subjected to freeze-melt cycles during one week, under methane/nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere, using spark discharges as energy source during the first 72 h of experiment. The analysis by GC/MS of the product shows, from major to minor concentrations, the synthesis of cyanuric acid, ammeline, the pyrimidines uracil, cytosine and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine,

ammelide, melamine and adenine. Amino acids, carboxylic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also detected. Interestingly, we did not find insoluble organics. In conclusion, the prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines is possible under methane atmospheres in freezing urea solutions. The high efficient synthesis of triazines plus the possible role of triazines as CP673451 ic50 purine/pyrimidine mimics (Hysell et al. 2005) opens an interesting way for study. Clarke, D.W. and Ferris, J. (1997). Titan haze: structure and properties of cyanoacetylene and cyanoacetylene-acetylene photopolymers. Icarus, 127:158–172. Cleaves, H.J., Nelson, K.E. and Miller S. (2006). The prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines in frozen solution. Naturwissenschaften, 93(5):228–231. Ferris, J., Sanchez, R. and Orgel, L. (1968). Studies in prebiotic Loperamide synthesis. III. Synthesis of pyrimidines from cyanoacetylene and cyanate. J.

Mol. Biol. 33:693–704. Ferris, J., Zamek, O.S., Altbuch, A.M. and Freiman M. (1974). Chemical evolution. 18. Synthesis of pyrimidines from guanidine and cyanoacetaldehyde. J. Mol. Evol. 3:301–309. Hysell, M., Siegel, J.S., and Tor Y. (2005). Synthesis and stability of exocyclic triazine nucleosides. Org. Biomol.Chem., 3:2946–2952. Orgel, L. (2004). Prebiotic adenine revisited: eutectics and photochemistry. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 34:361–369. Robertson, M. and Miller, S. (1995). An efficient prebiotic synthesis of cytosine and uracil. Nature, 375:772–774. Sanchez, R., Ferris, J. and Orgel, L. (1966). Conditions for purine synthesis: did prebiotic synthesis occur at low temperatures? Science 153:72–73. Shapiro, R. (1999). Prebiotic cytosine synthesis. A critical analysis and implications for the origin of life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 96:4396–4401. Shapiro, R. (2002).

Because the mammary gland tissues used for immunohistochemical staining and real-time PCR were independent samples, we could not correlate the expression of nuclear EGFR and the expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA. However, a trend (tendency) of positive correlation was established between the expression Fosbretabulin mouse level of nuclear EGFR and the expression level of cyclin D1 mRNA for tumor tissue samples that did not reach significance (r s = 0.883, P = 0.059). These findings also suggest that nuclear EGFR might partly regulate the expression of cyclin D1. Figure 3 Expression of cyclin D1 in mammary glands and LGX818 in vitro spontaneous breast cancer tissues from TA2

mice. 3A, Cyclin D1 staining could be observed occasionally in epithelial cells from five month-old TA2 mice (IHC, 200×). 3B, Cyclin D1 staining was present in the nuclei of epithelial cells in mammary gland tissues of spontaneous breast cancer-bearing TA2 mice (IHC, 200×). 3C, Cyclin D1 staining was present in the nuclei of CCI-779 supplier hyperplastic epithelial cells of spontaneous breast cancer-bearing TA2 mice (IHC, 200×). 3D, Cyclin D1 staining was also present in spontaneous breast cancer tissues of TA2 mice (IHC, 200×). The Labeling Index of cyclin D1 increased apparently from Group A to Group

C. Figure 4 Expression of PCNA in mammary glands and spontaneous breast cancer tissues from TA2 mice. PCNA staining could be observed in the

nuclei of epithelial cells from five month-old TA2 mice (4A) and spontaneous breast cancer-bearing TA2 mice (4B) (IHC, 400×). PCNA staining was present in the nuclei of spontaneous breast cancer cells from TA2 mice (4C) (IHC, 400×). Table 4 Cyclin D1 and PCNA labeling index of normal mammary glands and cancer tissues from spontaneous breast cancer -bearing TA2 mice (%)   n Cyclin D1 PCNA Group B    Nucleus EGFR (+) 15 15.15 ± 5.16* 37.81 ± 12.77    Nucleus EGFR (-) 13 8.77 ± 7.95 33.71 ± 15.78 Group C    Nucleus EGFR (+) 11 31.17 ± 12.50* 44.9212.01    Nucleus EGFR (-) 17 18.54 ± 17.98 33.9413.92 *:compared to samples without nuclear EGFR expression, P < 0.05 Group B: normal mammary glands from spontaneous breast cancer-bearing TA2 Methocarbamol mice; Group C: spontaneous breast cancer tissue from TA2 mice. Discussion Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in adult females and develops as a result of altered expression of multiple genes and abnormal cellular pathways. In recent years, accumulating data has shown that alterations of the stromal compartment can also influence tumor cell behavior through paracrine growth factor pathways[9]. Proteoglycans are the main constituents of the ECM, and their synthesis and degradation are regulated by many effectors that control the development and function of the mammary gland.

Lane 1, DNA molecular weight marker. Lane 2, control plasmid without silver nanoparticles showing only supercoiled plasmid band that moves ahead of relaxed circular and linear plasmids. Lane 3, plasmid incubated with 0.51 μg nanoparticles showing disappearance

of the supercoiled plasmid band and appearance of relaxed circular and linear plasmid bands along with smaller fragmented DNA. Lane 4, plasmid incubated with 1.02 μg nanoparticles. Lane 5, plasmid incubated with 2.55 μg nanoparticles. Lane 6, plasmid incubated with 3.57 μg nanoparticles showing gradual degradation Stattic of the fragmented DNA bands; and lane 7, plasmid incubated with 5.1 μg nanoparticles showing more degradation of DNA. Conclusions In this study, phytopathogenic fungus M. phaseolina (Tassi) Goid was used for the first time for the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by

bioreduction of aqueous Ag + ion. SEM, TEM, and AFM were used to study the morphology, concentration, and size of biosynthesized nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles exhibited distinct click here antimicrobial property on multidrug-resistant human and plant pathogenic bacteria. An 85-kDa protein present in the extracellular solution was responsible for synthesis and capping of nanoparticles. This eco-friendly, cost-effective extracellular www.selleckchem.com/small-molecule-compound-libraries.html biosynthesis of naturally protein-capped silver nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial activities from the phytopathogenic fungus has the potential to be utilized on a large scale for widespread industrial or medical application. Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India (DBT). SC is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC-NET), New Delhi, and AB is thankful to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NET), New Delhi for providing senior research

fellowship. We also thank the AFM facility of DBT-IPLS, Center for Modern Biology, University of Calcutta and transmission electron microscope facility of Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRNN), University of Calcutta, XRD facility of Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Kolkata, and the Scanning Electron Microscope Casein kinase 1 facility, Bose Institute, Kolkata. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: Atomic force microscopy of the silver nanoparticles. (a) AFM images showing top view of the silver nanoparticles. (b) AFM showing three-dimensional view of the nanoparticles. (c) Graphical profile for heights of the nanoparticles based on AFM image. (PPT 210 KB) References 1. Mohanpuria P, Nisha K, Rana NK, Yadav SK: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future applications. J Nanopart Res 2008, 10:507–517.CrossRef 2. Sharma VK, Yngard RE, Lin Y: Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009, 145:83–96.

In this scenario laparoscopic surgery

has become a valid option as diagnostic and therapeutic means. In some referral centres delayed laparoscopy is even routinely proposed [8]. Thus laparoscopy should not be considered as a failure of NOM but as a part of this therapeutic strategy. In our experience laparoscopy was performed because of appearance of an inflammatory response on blood test and diffused peritonitis at clinical examination. Finally, utilisation of hemostatic and tissue sealing agent (Nycomed TachoSil®) seams to give an effective control of biliary fistula. In our case the biliary leakage was successfully treated by application of the surgical patch on the liver fracture after scrupulous lavage of the hepatic surface. Utilisation of such a device in elective liver surgery is well known and its hemostatic properties are already reported [9]. Afterwards, tissue sealing characteristics were observed in repairing AZD0156 manufacturer air leakage following pulmonary resection [10]. Moreover, bile leaks reduction after application of Tachosil surgical patch, was observed in a retrospective series about adult split liver transplantation

[11] and resective hepatic surgery [12]. Probably, a real tissue repairing and LY2835219 reinforcing properties with construction of a neo hepatic glissonien capsule could be supposed. In our experience the patient did Copanlisib molecular weight not develop any biliary fistula documented by drainage output and any endoscopic complementary procedure was necessary to treat the biliary injury. In conclusion laparoscopy and application of Tachosil surgical patch was an efficient and definitive treatment of a biliary complication following NOM of blunt liver injury. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review

by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Video of surgical procedure Biliary peritonitis following blunt liver trauma. (M4V 19 MB) References 1. Richardson JD: Changes in the management of injuries to the Thiamine-diphosphate kinase liver and spleen. J Am Coll Surg 2005,200(5):648–69.CrossRefPubMed 2. Christmas AB, Wilson AK, Manning B, Franklin GA, Miller FB, Richardson JD, Rodriguez JL: Selective management of blunt hepatic injuries including nonoperative management is a safe and effective strategy. Surgery 2005,138(4):606–10.CrossRefPubMed 3. Velmahos GC, Toutouzas K, Radin R, Chan L, Rhee P, Tillou A, Demetriades D: High success with nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma: the liver is a sturdy organ. Arch Surg 2003,138(5):475–80.CrossRefPubMed 4. Carrillo EH, Reed DN Jr, Gordon L, Spain DA, Richardson JD: Delayed laparoscopy facilitates the management of biliary peritonitis in patients with complex liver injuries. Surg Endosc 2001,15(3):319–22.CrossRefPubMed 5.

Assuming a 10 % drop-out rate, it was planned to enroll 540 subjects to yield the minimum required total of 486 patients. 2.3.2 Statistical Analysis The primary objective was to determine how the rate of TEAEs (ocular and nonocular) reported with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6 % used three times daily

for 7 days compared with the rate reported with vehicle alone. Exact 95 % confidence intervals were constructed around the proportion of subjects and eyes with each TEAE, and Fisher’s exact test was used to test for differences between treatment groups. A similar approach was used to summarize treatment-related Selleckchem MCC950 AEs. 3 Results 3.1 Study Populations The safety population included 514 subjects: 344 subjects HDAC cancer treated with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6 % and 170 subjects treated with vehicle. The mITT population included 299 subjects,

212 treated with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6 % and 87 treated with vehicle. In both populations, baseline demographics were similar between treatment groups (Table 1), as was ocular medical history. In the safety population, pediatric subjects (≤17 years of age) comprised 43.0 and 35.3 % of the besifloxacin and vehicle groups, respectively. Table 1 Baseline C188-9 cost demographics of safety and mITT populations   Safety population mITT population Besifloxacin (n = 344) Vehicle (n = 170) Besifloxacin (n = 212) Vehicle (n = 87) Age, years  Mean (SD) 29.6 (25.1) 30.5 (22.5) 27.8 (25.4) 28.5 (21.1)  Range 1–97 1–92 1–97 1–74 Distribution of age categories, n (%)  ≥1–<2 years 19 (5.5) 8 (4.7) 19 (9.0) 6 (6.9)  2–11 years 107 (31.1) 38 (22.4) 71 (33.5) 21 (24.1)  12–17 years Urocanase 22 (6.4) 14 (8.2) 9 (4.2) 5 (5.7)  18–29 years 46 (13.4) 29 (17.1) 27 (12.7) 13 (14.9)  30–39 years 30 (8.7) 23 (13.5) 16 (7.5) 13 (14.9)

 40–49 years 29 (8.4) 20 (11.8) 17 (8.0) 12 (13.8)  50–59 years 38 (11.0) 20 (11.8) 20 (9.4) 10 (11.5)  ≥60 years 53 (15.4) 18 (10.6) 33 (15.6) 7 (8.0) Sex, n (%)  Male 140 (40.7) 75 (44.1) 87 (41.0) 38 (43.7)  Female 204 (59.3) 95 (55.9) 125 (59.0) 49 (56.3) Racial background, n (%)  American Indian/Alaskan Native 7 (2.0) 3 (1.8) 5 (2.4) 1 (1.1)  Asian 5 (1.5) 5 (2.9) 3 (1.4) 2 (2.3)  Black/African American 83 (24.1) 40 (23.5) 65 (30.7) 30 (34.5)  Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0 1 (0.6) 0 0  White 210 (61.0) 102 (60.0) 121 (57.1) 49 (56.3)  Other 39 (11.3) 19 (11.2) 18 (8.5) 5 (5.7) Ethnicity, n (%)  Not Hispanic and Not Latino 194 (56.4) 101 (59.4) 126 (59.4) 58 (66.7)  Hispanic or Latino 150 (43.6) 69 (40.6) 86 (40.6) 29 (33.